job opportunities part 2

In media there is no way that you can definitely get a job. There are many different routes that you could take, some better for different jobs. Many jobs in media look for certain things when hiring someone as they are trying to find the best person suited to the job, these are things like experience or degrees. Some ways to get a job in the media sector are:

Job Application
A job application is quite self explanatory. It is an application form in which you apply for a job from which you could probably guess. Job application forms are usually handed out by the company or employer. They are given out when a company is in need of new employees and then unemployed people can hand a completed one back so the employer can see if they are right for the job and then move them into a further process. If someone returns a good application form then they usually have to follow this up with an interview or a trial shift or both. After this the employer should know whether they are suitable for the job. In media, you might often find job applications come when freelance jobs are needed. These kind of applications would usually require you to show some of your previous work that relates to this job. By doing this the employer can see how skilled you are in this area and whether or not you would be suitable enough for the job.

CV and Covering Letter
A CV stands for Curriculum Vitae. They are used to show a persons experience and qualifications. They can also be used to tell a bit of personal detail about someone. A CV is used when applying for jobs as it shows the employer what the person has achieved. CV's are almost always required when applying for a job because the employer will compare them all and see who is most fit for the job. A CV will often contain:

• GCSE results,
• College qualifications
• Degrees,
• Previous work 
• References. 

All of these can influence an employer's decision to hire you. A covering letter is accompanied with a CV. They are used to tell the employer why you are handing them a CV. You might write on this which job you are applying for or you could just explain that you think you would be suitable for a job there. Covering letters can be important because otherwise an employer might not look at your CV because they don't know what you want from them. A covering letter can also be used to explain how you have heard there is need of staff.

Portfolio
A portfolio is a folder of work that you have previously created. These are used to show employers that you are capable to take on their job. Portfolios can be made up of work that you have done from previous jobs or work that you have done on your own in which you have been self employed. In media, a portfolio can come in the form of a film reel. This is a short production in which clips of everything you have done are shown. If you are trying to get a film job then it is vital that you have a good show reel because then the employer can judge you off how good your past work has been and can decide whether or not you're capable of carrying out this project. The better the film reel or portfolio, the better the job you can get. Portfolios are not usually judged on how much work you have done however it is good if you have done a lot because it shows experience. Portfolios are more judged on the quality of the work you have done. Sometimes people show some of the not so good work they have done and their best work in a portfolio because this shows they can learn and are improving. This can give the employer the impression that they will have improved since their last job and therefore will produce good work.

Professional Website
A Professional website is another way that you can earn a job. This can be done in two ways. One way is that you could go on to someone's website and apply for a job through there. A website might have links to application forms or simply give you information to a job interview that would be available. On a website you are probably most likely to find out what they are looking for and be able to check to see if the job is right for you. The other way that a professional website can help you get a job is if it is your own website. You could set up a website with information about you and all your previous work. The website can contain your CV and portfolio in one. Employers might stumble across this when looking to hire and contact you about a job vacancy. Otherwise you could send employers the link to your website so they can find out everything they need to know straight away online. In media there are many jobs that would make you a freelance worker so having your own website would be very useful as you would always be looking to work and so it would be even more sufficient if people were easily able to contact you about hiring.

Networking Online
Networking online is when you as a business or company try to meet other businesses or companies over the internet. This is useful as you can get more work through them. You can pick up jobs that others want to get rid of or find out where other companies are struggling and help them out. Being your own business does not necessarily mean working as part of a big organisation. Being self employed would make you own your own business. Networking online is useful as you can reach people who can actually help you progress with your career a lot easier than trying to go out and find them yourself. An example of this in media is if you have a degree and skills in radio then you could use online networking to find a radio station that could take you on.

Recommendation From Clients 
This is one of the best ways to get into work. A recommendation would usually mean you can skip the application process. After being recommended by a client, depending on the job you could either go straight in to an interview or go straight into the job. An interview after a recommendation is generally to find out if you are who you have been made out to be. By being recommended, someone will have mentioned, to whoever is in charge, the good work you can produce and let them know that you would be suitable for the job. This can put you above everyone else who would want the job as they may not have been recommended. This way of earning a job is not exactly the easiest and it should not be relied on because you generally need to know someone who is already involved with the business or media project. It would be very rare that someone you didn't know would recommend you as they will have had to have seen a lot of your work. For this reason the other procedures of finding a job should still be carried out and through these you could meet someone who would late recommend you for a job.

Work Experience/Voluntary Work
Work experience and voluntary work can help out massively when looking for a job. It is usually easy to get as well. When taking part in work experience you would not be earning any money which means that there are many companies that would be willing to take someone on to do it. Work experience allows you to get vital knowledge on a workplace in which you could see a career in. Employers look for this kind of experience as it means that they are risking less mess ups because the employee will already know what they are doing and what is around them. By doing work experience you can also improve your skills in that particular area so when the time comes that a job is available to you ,you will be more prepared to take it on, Work experience can also build on your portfolio meaning more people are likely to hire you as you will look more professional. Companies that take on people for work experience can often hire them later on when they need someone as they know that this person is familiar with the work they do and they know of the standard of work they produce.



When you have a job, there are a lot of standards and procedures that you would need to follow. If these are not followed then you are risking and are likely to lose the job you have. Some aspects of professional behavior that you should have are:

Reliability
It is important to be reliable in a job otherwise your employer won't be able to trust you to work for them. Being reliable can range from a lot of things. This can be getting all your work done on it's deadline. If you can do this then your employer can rely on you to get work done and you could be looking at a promotion if you continue to be reliable. This is because the employer will want someone that they can rely on to do more important work. If you are not reliable then you are looking at being fired because if you are not getting work done on time then there is no point in you doing that job at all. If you work in media as a health and safety officer and you are not getting your safety reports in on time then you would be holding up the whole media project. This would mean you are not reliable and you would probably be fired so everyone else can do their job to a schedule.

Attendance and Punctuality
This is a very important part of having a job. Attendance and punctuality mean that you are at work all the time and on time. If you never show up to work then you are being paid for nothing so you would be fired as anyone would rather hire someone who is actually willing to work. Bad punctuality is not as serious of an issue as bad attendance but it can still lead to getting you fired. If you are late then you are holding everyone up and all the work will be held back and will mess up a schedule. There are some exceptions to missing days or being late such as if you are ill however there are no exceptions if you don't work because you don't want to. In media you could be working on a big project and if you don't show up then everyone else might have to cancel that days work as what they want to do can't be done without your work. If you are late then you could push back everyone's work which would not go down well with others.

Commitment 
Being committed to your job is an important aspect, especially in big media related jobs. Being committed to your job means that you don't let other things get in the way of your work and your work always gets done appropriately. If you are not committed then you are not reliable and so an employer might hesitate to give you work. In the media sectors it is important that you are committed to your work because if you are not then there is the risk that the final product of your work will not be to a good standard, Because almost every sector in media produces final products that go to the public, every product should be to the best it can be. If you weren't committed then you probably won't put everything you can into the work you done.

Efficiency
Efficiency in work is basically saying that you should get a good amount of work done. If you have to hand in work then you would hand in lots of work if you had been working a lot. This would make you efficient. If you weren't efficient then you would be getting no work done or not the amount expected of you, A job in media where you would need to be efficient would be a story board artist. You might be expected to create a set amount of storyboards in a week and if you can't do that then you are not being efficient and you would probably not be hired in the future as you are taking to long to produce work. Also not being efficient could mean that you aren't producing work to a good standard that would match the supplies you have and the time you have. You should produce the best work you can to be efficient.

Self Presentation
Self presentation is how you portray yourself to others. You should always look appropriate to what you are doing at work. If you are going to be discussing business with clients then you will want to look smart and presentable. This is because many people judge others on their appearance and if you look scruffy then someone might think you don't know what you are doing and you're not prepared. This can put someone off doing business with you. Self Presentation is not always about how you look. This can be how you present your personality to others. It is important to know who you are presenting yourself to. For example if you were serving customers then you would need to be polite and kind towards the other person. In media it is important to portray yourself correctly as you might be trying to sell a production of yours on to a distributor. If this was the case then you would want the distributor to think that you are a smart client that knows what they are doing and knows how to make money for everyone. If you are not portraying yourself correctly then you would probably not make any clients and in turn not make any money.

Communication Skills
Communication skills are important in every job. If you have good communication skills then you will make your job a a lot easier. You need to be able to communicate with the people you work with and any other people you might come across when working. If you don't communicate with the people you work with then you are risking more mistakes and you will probably clash with each other as you are not all doing what each other expected. You also need to be able to communicate with clients to give yourself the best chance of making money. If you are working on a film set then you need to be able to communicate with other film crew so you all know what needs to be done and how it should be done. This way your production will be done quicker and the way you want it. Communication skills can be anything like listening to other people's ideas. This can be helpful because then you can get the best idea through and finish with the best possible product.

Contribution
Contribution is important because no employer will want to pay you to do nothing. Some jobs measure the amount of work you do and pay you off that so if you didn't contribute then you wouldn't get paid and it would be pointless having a job. If you don't contribute when working in the media sector then the final product that would come of the project you were working on would not be as good as it could be and you would have let everyone down. Another reason why contribution is important is because only by contributing can you improve your skills in that job and earn vital experience that it useful for other jobs. If you work on a radio station as a presenter and you don't contribute then you would be leaving all the work to other presenters and no one would be interested in listening to you and you would make the station less entertaining.

Personal responsibility
An important aspect is to take responsibility for yourself. You can't rely on other people to watch out for you as then it is taking them away from their job and less work is getting done. Being responsible for yourself is making sure everything you do is appropriate to your job. Making sure you don't do anything wrong. It can also mean that you look after yourself. You will be putting a hold on everyone's work if you are constantly getting hurt and need seeing to so if you look after yourself then there is no need to stop working. Personal responsibility can also mean that you take responsibility for your actions and that means your mistakes as well. It is important that you know where you went wrong and can admit to it so that there is no delay in working. Other people can't be blamed for your mistakes otherwise some unnecessary actions could take place towards to that person that they don't deserve and you would probably have to face worse consequences if you do not own up to your mistakes and get caught.

Stop Motion assignment

Stop Motion Assignment

There are many different forms of stop motion that i could choose from to make my own animation. One of my preferred methods of animating is model based. This is a stop motion animation that uses different types of models to create a story. The models are often materials like clay and plastercine however any 3D object can be classed as a model.

This is a model based animation used making clay, claymation. In the video there are different clay created characters. The characters change colour due to what appears to be an infection which is also displayed using clay. The background to the animation is just a table. This shows that the animation has just been filmed there and there was no green screen or background.

In this video there is a different type of model being used to make the animation. The models used are lego. This is a good model to use as they are easy to adjust and can be taken to pieces for convenience. In this animation we see a set of police characters chase some criminal characters.


In my own animation I think I will carry out a similar idea to this. I will create a short animation using lego pieces. My animation is only going to be short and as I am not experienced with stop motion, my own animation will be simple. I will most likely get a few lego figures and make them walk them up and down. To do this i will make them move ever so slightly and then take a picture. I will keep doing this until I have around 15 seconds of animation.

My next step is to create my animation. To do this I am going to have to get a Hue webcam to plug in to the computer and multiple lego people and pieces. I already have iStopMotion 3 installed into my computer which is the program I will use to record my animation. I am just going to set up the animation on my desk as it will not take up much room and by doing this I can have everything i need around me.  The college have provided me with a handful of lego pieces.

I have went out and recorded my stop motion animation. In my animation I have made two lego characters walk up a set of lego bricks. The quality of the animation is not as good as it could have been however it still fits the criteria of the brief. To improve I could have taken a bit more time when moving the figures and aimed to get better shots.

I am now going to add in a set of titles to my animation. I have added one at the beginning and the end. The one at the beginning reads, 'Lego animation' and the one at the end reads 'By Daniel Appleton'.  To add in these I have exported my animation and have put it on to Premiere Pro.

After I have done this I am then going to add in some sound effects. I have already got a sound effect of someone running however it fits in nicely for when my characters are walking forward. Now I have put my animation on premiere pro it is easy for me to add in the sound effects.

This shows I have added in my sound effects. Each sound is the same effect but I have just split it and cropped it so that it fits in with the animation and is played at the right times.


Now I have added in sound i have completed my animation. I am now going to export it and submit it.


Now I have finished my animation I can watch it over to see what I did well and where I can improve it. I think the best part about my animation was the sound effect. It was only the one sound effect however it seemed to fit in well with the animation. It was all in time with what was going on. To improve my animation I think I could have took more time on it and made the overall product look nicer. The camera was quite shaky and some of the pieces didn't stay in the same place. Also the outcome did not look of a very good quality. This could have been improved if I had added in some alternative lighting.

I have requested that the rest of my class give me feedback on my animation. I have uploaded my video on a padlet page and have shared it with everyone else.

http://padlet.com/danielappleton9/j3f3nv6s0gwx

This is the link to my padlet. As shown in the screenshot there has been multiple comments from other people which gives me feedback on my animation. Some of the comments I received did not add up and I realised that I had not uploaded the correct version of the animation. The version I had uploaded was one without sound or titles which explains why some of the comments mention I lack these things. Some of the comments give me feedback on things other than the sound and titles. Some of them say that the lighting could have been improved to make it look more professional.

This is a comment on the lighting made in padlet.

The lighting does seem to flicker as there was no set piece of lighting so as the lights that surrounded the set changed, the appearance of the animation changed.


 Another improvement that was pointed out was that I could have made more of a story. This is reasonable as all the characters do is walk so it is not very interesting to watch.


If I were to change my animation from this feedback I would place an external light source by my animating set to stop it flickering so much and give it a better quality. I would also try and change the animations story line so it is not so boring. I could make the characters run and jump over obstacles.

In this screenshot I have put 2 different shots from my animation. It is not clear to see however the lighting is different in both of them. If you look at the far left of each picture it shows that the shot on the left is slightly lighter.


I don't think I will make these changes because to make them I would have to redo the whole thing again. Also my animation fits all the requirements that was set out for me, even if it is poor quality and really boring. For this reason I don't think that there are any major things I need to change in my animation and I will get away with how it is.

Job opportunities

Types of contract

Full Time contract

A full time contract is given to someone who is looking to work most days in a week. A full time contract is usually a career for someone as it takes up so much time. A full time and part time contract is defined by the employer. A full time contract generally has more hours and pays more money than a part time contract. Someone on a full time contract is entitled to such benefits like holidays and health insurance. The person is entitled to this when they sign the contract. A full time contract in the UK is usually around 35-40 hours a week. This is commonly spread over 5 weekdays and is usually 8 hour days, most commonly 9am-5pm. 

Part Time contract

A part time contract is very similar to a full time contract however it is just less hours and less pay. Part time contracts are most often offered to students as they can work there around their education and generally don't need too much money as they won't have bills to pay. A part time contract often provides minimum wage. Minimum wage depends on the age of the person. 

• Apprentice=£2.73
• Under 18=£3.79
• 18-20=£5.13
• 21+=£6.50

This is the current minimum wage, the number has been rising over the last few years. An employer has the right to pay someone more than this wage however they cannot pay any less to them. Part time employees generally start on this wage and then the longer they are with the company the more money they can make. If they are with the company long enough then they may be given the opportunity to sign a full time contract and make more money for more hours.


Freelance
Freelance work means that the worker is self employed. They can work with other companies however this is usually just companies that help them promote their own business, such as online based companies. As a freelance worker you would often look after your own tax and national insurance contributions. As they are not employed by anyone they are not entitled to the benefits that full time workers would be. They have to take whatever money they make themselves, they can't claim minimum wage of anyone so it is important for a free lance worker to get a lot of business. This does mean that they can choose how to spread their money so if they make a lot then they would be able to keep a lot more of it. There is rarely a consistent amount of money made from freelance work. Freelance workers are not restricted when it comes to things like holidays however if they take a lot of days off then they would be loosing a lot of money.


Hourly paid
Someone who is on an hourly paid contract basically gets what is in the name. They get paid a certain amount each hour they work. People on these contracts do not often have a set rota of when they work. In some cases they can just be called in to work when they are needed and then get paid at the end judging by how many hours they were called in for. In some other cases they may be on a contract that only employs them for a certain time. An hourly paid contract is a lot like a part time contract as it not something you can call a career.


Piece Work
Piece work is when an employee is paid accordingly to the amount of work they produce rather than the time they have been working. This could be the number of tasks they complete or the number of products they produce. Like freelance there is not always a consistent pay. One of the differences between Piece work and freelance is that a piece worker has to get their minimum wage and the rest of their money just gets added on to that when their amount of work is totaled up.

Different areas of media

Creative
The creative side to the media sector is where all the ideas for productions come from. People who work on the creative side of a production usually start it off as they need to come up with an idea that they can let the other sectors work on. An example of a creative job in the media sector is a writer. A writer is in this sector as they create scripts for a production and so there whole job is based on being creative and coming up with new ideas for scripts. The creative jobs are probably the most important as without them there would be no production. Another job in the creative sector is an artist. Artists can have different jobs to do with different projects. If there was a film being produced then an artist would be needed to draw up storyboards or make designs of things that will be in the production.


Technical
The technical side of the creative sector involves the people who actually make the production happen. They are the people who use the technology to create the production. These are people like camera men. The camera men are technical because they use the cameras provided to record footage. Another technical job in the creative media sector is a sound man. The person with this job has to record sound on a production. This means they have to use the range of recording equipment to get good quality sound when it comes to the final project.


Editorial
Someone who works in the editorial sector would have to work on changing a project to get the best result from it. Their usual job is to make a production more fluent. This is usually by taking bad parts out and altering other parts to make them better for the consumer to listen to or watch. An editor would have to wait till all of the technical side is done and then they can can tweek their work so that becomes the best it can be. Editors have to be familiar and skilled with different editing systems so that they know what would be best to make the final product as good as it can be.


Marketing
The marketing sector is needed for when a production has finished being made. A job in the marketing sector would require you to try and sell your production and basically make as much money for it a possible. To do this, a marketer would have to go to distributors and try and persuade them to invest in the project and sell it out. Other jobs of someone in marketing would be to try and make money by creating brands and merchandise of the project. The marketing process would include lot's of research into different companies and productions and the marketer would be required to attend lots of pitches. This is because they need to try and portray their production well to others to make them invest in it.


Managerial
A managerial role in the creative media sector would be making sure that everyone else is doing their job correctly. They are in charge of everyone and would have to organise everything that goes on in the making of a production. People with managerial roles generally earn more money than everyone else. This is because they will have had experience with similar projects so know more about it than everyone else and it is a hard job to keep everyone organised. The main reason as to why they make more money is because if the project goes wrong then they have to take the blame because they are in charge therefore they need to make the most money because it needs to be worth the risk.


Administrative
The Administrative sector in media is all the paperwork and running of the sector. This is a necessary sector as a whole project can fall to pieces if someone is not there to do all the written work. There are lots of reports that need to be written up on most of the other sectors in media to help make sure that everything is going to plan. The administrators in media help to make sure there are no problems with a production as they can keep everything recorded making it easy for them to find a source of a problem and stop it getting in the way of the production. The administrative jobs are one that not many people aspire to do however for that reason they generally pay well and are not too hard to get.


Legal
The legal side to media is extremely important. If the legal areas are all kept in order then the production company should be safe. If not then they are at a major risk of loosing a lot of money amongst other things. One of the laws that is most important to take note of when involved in a media production is copyright. If something copyrighted is used then the company or person could be in danger of being sued for a lot of money. A job in the legal side would consist of making sure everything is under the law and avoiding getting in trouble for any of the work you or your company are involved in. Another job in the legal sector is health and safety. This is because by law the people involved in the production are entrusting their safety onto the production company when they sign a contract. If someone gets injured and the correct procedure has not been or is not carried out then that person can sue.


Financial
Jobs in the financial sector are people who deal with the money in a media production. This is not the same as the marketing section as the financial sector mainly deals with what money the company already has and how they should appropriately distribute it. They will be the ones who come up with an appropriate budget that lets others know how much money should be spent on what things. It is also important that the company does not go bankrupt. This is when they run out of money. Someone who is involved in finance must make sure that they have some money left over in case of any problems that occur during the process. The people in finance must be able to get the best quality of product that their budget would allow them to and not go over board with what they spend.

Job Roles in the Technical sector

Camera Operator
A Camera Operator is a job role in the technical sector. A Camera operator's job is to record footage and shots. Most of the time they follow orders from a director as to what they want recording. Camera operators are most commonly used in films and TV shows. A Camera Operator must know how to work a range of different cameras to an expert level. They do not need any specific qualification as long as they can produce good work however they usually have studied higher qualifications in film production. To become a Camera Operator it is best to start as a Camera trainee and by becoming a Camera Operator you could go on to be a Director of Photography (DoP). Camera Operators who work on films are often Freelance workers and are just hired when something needs filming. This means that they can go a while without work so there is no telling how much they make however camera operators who work on TV and have steady work generally earn roughly around £200 to £500 a day.

Image from: http://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-4004140-stock-footage-camera-operator-working-with-a-cinema-broadcast-tv-camera.html

First Assistant Camera
This is another big job in the technical sector. Their job is to adjust cameras focus to follow the action that is being recorded. They do this by setting marks on the floor and changing the focus every time the action crosses one of the lines. This job is similar to a camera operator's so the job requirements are more or less the same. You can also get this job by becoming a camera trainee however an apprenticeship is probably best because that would allow you to get hands on experience doing the job which is important as it is such a complex task. By doing this job you could then go on to be director of photography however not many do because this is a hard enough job to get and it pays well.

Image from:http://www.fdtimes.com/2010/09/07/cooke-5i-and-arri-alexas-on-scorceserichardson-3d-cabret/

Lighting Director
The Lighting Director's job is to create the right look for each different shot by using different lighting equipment and the help of the other lighting department. There is no specific qualification to become a lighting director however there is multiple training courses that most lighting directors complete before they take up the job. To learn how to become a lighting director it is best to actually get experience. Lightning directors with more experience get bigger jobs. Many Camera Operators have gone on to become lighting directors. The Lighting director is the head of the lighting department so there are not many related jobs that you could progress on to. People who work on lighting are also usually freelance workers so their salary would vary. The more experienced workers tend to earn more money each year. Lighting directors with little experience would usually make around £15-£18,000 a year. More experienced workers can make around £27,000 a year or even more depending on how big of a job they can find.

Image from: http://www.fullsail.edu/grads/grad-profiles/2012-02-15-craig-richter

Boom Operator
The Boom Operator's job is to control a device called a boom arm. This is a long pole with a mic on the end that records sound. It is their responsibility to get the best quality of sound as possible on a project. To be a Boom Operator all you need is a good understanding of sound recording technology. Other basic skills are needed like working well in a team and being patient. This is a fairly easy job to get compared to the others. All you need is to show enthusiasm towards the project and have a good knowledge of the equipment you will be using. Depending on who they work for, Boom Operators usually work freelance. They often work long days however this all depends on the project they have been assigned. Roughly, a Boom Operator would earn around £139 for an average 8 hour day.

Image from: http://www.domgee.com/boomphotos.html

Gaffer
A Gaffer works in the lighting department. They do a lot of work with the Lighting director. A Gaffer does not operate any of the light equipment they just manage everyone who does. They tell them where they need to be and what they are lighting. One of the most important parts of their job is health and safety. They need to make sure all the lighting team know of any risks and they know how to minimize it. To be a Gaffer you must be a fully qualified electrician. This is so you know how to work all of the lighting equipment and can assess them properly. Gaffers can often progress on to being a Lightning Director. A Gaffer could make anywhere between £17,000 to £28,000 a year depending on how much they work. Gaffers also get paid overtime money if they work more than 40 hours in one week.

Image from: http://dohistory.org/film/process_prod.html

Radio Producer
A Radio Producer's job is to create content for live and pre-recorded radio programs. Radio Producers are generally for the technical side of the broadcast that no one hears as they do all the recording of the sound. They need to ensure that the best possible outcome comes out on the radio for the listeners. Most Radio producers have a degree in radio or other media related subjects however it is not necessary. Another way people get to be a radio producer is by starting as a trainee for a larger company. After you have the experience of a radio producer, you could move on to be a presenter or programme editor. Some people stay as producers but move on to bigger companies with bigger audiences. Radio Producers can often get on a full time contract with programs. A less experienced producer can get around £16,000 a year whereas a more experienced producer can earn as much as £45,000 provided that they work for a big station.

Image from: http://feeds.feedburner.com/ryanontheradio/dyOl

TV Director
A TV Director is responsible for how a TV recording looks and sounds. They have to look at what has been recorded and enhance it to get the best final product possible. Part of their job is to make preparations before anything is recorded to try and make sure everything is done right. At the end they go over it all and take out any mistakes. A degree in a media or drama related course is usually best to get this kind of job however there are no specific requirements. You just need to be familiar with all the stages that go in to TV production and the technology behind it. TV directors make a lot of money by earning around £55,000 a year however it is not an easy job to get and requires a lot of experience in the industry to get a job like this.

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Director of Photography (DoP)
The DoP is one of the most important jobs in the film and TV business. They are responsible for the overall appearance of the production. They have to work with all the lighting crew, camera crew and director to make sure they are all getting the best outcome from their fields. The DoP must ensure that anything that will appear in the production looks its best. DoP's often have a degree in photography and/or a degree in film or media studies. A lot of DoP's came up after working as a camera operator or other jobs in the camera department. You would almost certainly need to have a different job in film before you become a DoP. It can take a while to get this title however they can get paid around £63,000 a year if they get a good project as they usually work on a freelance basis.

Image from: http://fictionfield.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/director-of-photography-ing-for-dummies.html

Radio Traffic Manager
A Radio Traffic Manager has an important job on commercial radio stations. Their job is to schedule adverts and promotions on a radio program to try and increase the money brought in to the station. Commercial stations make the majority of their money from advertising so this job is an important one. To get this job it helps to have a degree in a media related subject. The main thing is to be able to demonstrate skills like keeping close intention to detail to get the job. From this job you could move in to a big radio station but doing the same job or you could go further into TV or advertising. As this is an important job you could earn from £24,000 to £50,000 depending on how big of a station you work on.

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Network Operations Assistant
The Network Operations Assistant has the job of making sure all productions from each department involved in TV are handed in on the deadline. They need to ensure that everything is done to a good quality before it is handed in and that it will be good enough to present. To get this job you just need an understanding of the media sector and everything that goes on in it. This job can take you on to do further Network operations. These rank from

• Network Operations Assistant
• Network Operations Co-ordinator
• Network Operations Supervisor
• Network Operations Manager 

A Network Operations Assistant is generally a full time job.

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Factual Programming theory

Factual programming

In the Factual Programming industry, there are multiple issues that can effect the end product that is released. Some of the issues are:

Accuracy

In Factual Programs, the truth should never be twited. This would mean that the program is not as accurate as the viewer is lead to believe. The Accuracy in a factual program could sometimes be twisted to make the viewer more interested in the topic. Sometimes the full true story could not intrigue the audience enough to make them watch it and therefore the channel would not be making money as there is no viewers. This would be enough to persuade a broadcaster to alter the truth as they need to make money. Another reason as to why the accuracy might not be exact is because the broadcaster might want a certain point across through their program and to do this they need to exaggerate certain points made so the viewers can get out of the program what the broadcaster has intended. The accuracy in a factual program is an important factor as viewers can be lead to believe false facts which in turn can make them bias towards something and have strong opinions on a person that may be unnecessary.

Balance

Balance is important in factual programming to ensure that there is no bias involved. In a factual program where there is debate involved, each side must be treat equally. This is because the broadcaster must show that they are not taking a certain side. The reason behind this is because the viewers could all side with different oppositions and therefore would not want to see what they agree with being turned down and not given the same opportunity as every one else to make a point. A big example of this is in political debates. Each Party would need the same time on a factual program to make their argument so that they all had the same opportunity to get people to join them. Also, if some viewers support a certain party and they are not given enough time to speak then this would be seen as unfair and bias to the other party(s). 

Impartiality

All factual programs should be impartial. This means that they do not take sides. By taking sides they could be offending certain viewers and can be hiding certain information from the public that they have a right to know. Being partial can be treating someone or thing differently to others of a similar variety. This would show that you favor them over others. In Factual programming everyone has to be treat equally and given the same opportunity as everyone else. An example of the broadcaster being partial is if they questioned a certain person's views involved in the program and did not question any one else's. Depending on what was being asked, the broadcaster could show that they were on the side of that person by asking supportive questions or they could show they were against them by questioning the point they are trying to make. This would not show impartiality in the factual program. 

Objectivity

Objectivity means there is a lack of bias. Objectivity is based purely off facts and not opinions. This is important in factual programming as the consumer would then be getting true information and can then make decisions on the topic that are reasonable. Depending on the topic of the factual program depends on how much objectivity needs to come in to play. In most cases, there needs to be a lack of bias because then the viewer is not being forced upon something and can then enjoy the program in their own way. Objectivity is good in factual programming as it allows viewers to develop opinions on the topic which can be individual. This would be useful to the producer as it allows them to find out the thoughts of the viewer on certain aspects of their project and can attract a larger audience.  

Subjectivity

Subjectivity is the opposite to Objectivity. This means it is purely based on opinion. This can also play a big part in factual programming. Depending on the topic of the program would decide whether the program is more objective or subjective. Some factual programs have a topic that the majority of people will have a strong opinion on and may not want to hear any other side to the topic. By agreeing with the vast majority the producer would be receiving a larger audience as it would appeal to them. In some other cases, people might want to hear opinions in a factual program as it can help them decide their own and it could benefit the program as people might find other opinions interesting. 

Opinion

Opinion can effect the production of factual programming. This is because a producers opinion can decide what is included into a program and what isn't. If the producer has a strong opinion on the topic then they can edit it so that it portrays their opinion to the public. This is not always a good thing as there will always be some people who don't agree with their opinion but if it's the majority of people that don't then the feedback will most likely be negative. Other people's opinions must be taken into account before showing a program as the producer should aim to not upset anyone. Although this is almost impossible, the producer should still try and please the vast majority. Through research, opinions can be found meaning that a factual program can be altered to avoid offending a lot of viewers. 

Bias
Bias can hugely effect a Factual program. If the factual program is created with a bias nature then it can portray something or someone in a specifically negative or positive way. This is because the producer will be very opinionated to the topic and wants to portray their opinion across to their audience. Bias can sometimes persuade audiences who do not already have an opinion to then have the same opinion. This is because the audience might be talked in to thinking negatively or positively about something without actually knowing all the facts. This might be done to get more people on backing up someone or thing to show what they are doing is right. For example if there was a sports related factual program on then they may be bias as they are trying to persuade more people to support a certain team so they can benefit with more followers.

Codes and Conventions

Newsreader
A newsreader is someone who is a lead presenter on a news program. Their job is to tell the audience at home the latest headlines each day. In a news program there is generally one or two presenters that alternate telling different stories of the day. This is generally done to keep the program a bit more interesting. If their is only one news reader then they read all the headlines which is the case with a lot of major news shows however almost every news program will have other people reading news for certain topics such as sport.

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This image shows the basic layout for a newsreader. The newsreader(s) generally look at the camera throughout the show as they are addressing the news to the audience that are watching at home. To ensure they look at the camera, the te Newsreaders are supposed to look formal and smart to help show that what they are discussing is a serious matter. On the set, there is generally multiple workplace items. In the image above there are laptops, pens and work paper. This is to make the set look more of a workplace than a TV studio. To help this a long there is also a back drop which gives the professional workplace look. This is usually a busy office or a city skyline. 



Field reporters
A field reporter in a news program is someone who will add to a headline by being at the location of the story. An example of a more common event in which a field reporter would be involved is when there are strikes. The field reporter would go out and interview one of the people striking. Field reporters generally don't have a uniform or dress code, they tend to dress in an appropriate manor to their surroundings for example, if they are reporting from an exotic hot country then they will most likely wear summer clothes. On the odd occasion a field reporter will be reporting from a dangerous location. This can be if there is an attack on a certain town or city and they need to report it. On the off chance this happens, the reporter would probably need to wear protective gear like a bullet proof vest.

Interviewing
Interviews are important in the news as it allows the audience to get more personal information on a headline. In an interview, the people related to the headline will be asked questions, these can range from their opinions on something or straight facts. The people interviewed can be people who have something to say about a headline or the headline could be about this person. An example is if a political party has announced a change then the leader of the party could be interviewed and a member of the public with a strong opinion of the change could be interviewed. Interviews are often done in a place that is convenient for the person being interviewed. This also gives the audience some extra information about the person as they will be able to gather some from the area. Interviews are good for giving the general public more personal information. This is useful as the public would not usually be able to find this out and therefore would be more interested in watching it.

Experts and witnesses
Experts and witnesses can be very effective in news. They can give more unknown information to a subject that can make it much more interesting for the audience. An expert is good because they can provide facts that most people don't know about and in turn can also provide explanations to questions raised by the topic. A witness is just as useful as they can give a story of what they have seen to give the audience a visual on an event that has taken place. This is better than someone trying to figure it out for themselves who wasn't actually there. Depending on the story would depend on who would be better, A witness would be better if something such as a crime had taken place because the witness could tell the audience what they saw therefore letting them know more or less exactly what happened. An expert would be useful in a story if the news report lacked some unexplained information. An example is if there was a change in a certain species of animal's behavior then the expert could explain why this has happened and give some info on the animal.

Report structure
Most news reports are generally laid out in the same way. There are lots of techniques that people are familiar with as they have been used over and over for years. One of the techniques is to start with the news reporter giving a short individual introduction. In the introduction they are often giving the basics behind a headline to give the audience an insight as to what they are gong to discuss. This is most often filmed outside of a studio in an area that is related to the topic in some form. For example if the story is based on schools then the reporter might be filmed walking through a school corridor or a school gym. Included with this are separate shots that cut away from the shot of the reporter. These can often show the reporters surroundings or things that relate to the story. Also there is also sometimes statistics displayed when the reporter is talking so the audience can get an idea of what effect the topic has or how serious the matter is. After the introduction there is generally an interview. This is usually set up by sitting the interviewer and interviewee opposite each other. Most of the time this uses two cameras. This is useful as it means the shot can change between people incase the person being interviewed mumbles. This allows the editor to cut out the mumble and let the conversation flow better. The structure is usually rounded off with the reporter concluding their topic. This is also usually filmed outside of the studio and often in the same place as the introduction was filmed. A similar technique is displayed to the introduction entirely.


Realism documentary
A realism documentary is a form of documentary that is based on facts and the truth. Everything they show is entirely accurate. The aim behind a realism documentary is to show an audience the full truth behind real life events and people. This engages viewers as they can learn a lot from these forms of documentary. Realism documentary are often on nature because you can show an accurate documentary on these that would be very informative and the truth wouldn't need to be twisted to engage the viewer as long as this was something they're relatively interested in. Realism documentary's can be on people as well however this is not as common. This is because documentaries often change people's view as it makes them look more interesting. If a realism documentary is created on a person or people then it is most often made by following them and showing the viewers what makes them unique and interesting.


Dramatisation in documentaries
Dramatisation is when a documentary will show acted pieces in between the usual interviews. This is done for effect as it gives the viewers a visual as to what is being discussed in the  documentary. This is often done in documentaries that are based on historical events. This is because depending on when the event happened there is likely no film footage of it to display in the documentary and therefore a reenactment is required. Experts can define what the actual event would have been like so the producer can make a clip of the actors showing the audience what happened. This also helps make the documentary more interesting as it could show scenes of action, drama and other genres. Another popular use for dramatisation is in crime documentaries. Crimes are often reenacted in documentaries to show the audience what took place. This is useful as the person involved in the crime can not always explain the event good enough so that the audience can get a visual and also just watching the person speak about the event can get boring to watch whereas the crime acted out would be entertaining.


Narritivisation in documentaries
Narritivisation is another effect used in documentaries. This is when found footage and still images are used to help give the audience a visual. This is helpful as the viewers can get a much more accurate representation of an event as the clips being showed are from when it actually took place. These are more often used in documentaries that are based on recent events. This is because there is often footage of the event that can be used. There are many documentaries that have been made on 9/11. This a good example of when narritivisation is used. There is a lot of footage of 9/11 so people watching a documentary on it can see exactly what happened. This is useful as it lets the viewer become more involved in the documentary which in turn would make it more entertaining to watch.