Legal and Ethical considerations in the creative media sector

When working in the creative media sector, there are many legal and ethical considerations. These restraints must be followed otherwise there can be extreme consequences. There have been many an occasion when some of the laws and guidelines have been broken and people involved have been fined and lost jobs. There are some important guidelines to follow to ensure you don't get into any trouble.

Legal Considerations

Copyright-It is important that all your work done is copyrighted. When copyrighted, you are protecting your work from being taken by any one else. You cannot copyright your idea therefore it is important that you copyright any documents showing the idea. This is because it shows the idea is yours and is therefore proof that you thought of it and stops anyone else using it for them self without legal action being taken. As soon as you create the document it is already copyrighted however it is important to prove that you came up with the idea first by showing when you created it, remember to include the date of when you have published it so if someone does take the document then you can prove that you created it first. Almost everything you can create can be copyrighted. When beginning your media work it is important to check that you have not taken anything copyrighted. Do not remake any existing work as this can cause legal action against you. Stealing copyrighted work can result in fines or even imprisonment for some serious cases. Apple industries took Samsung to court after accusing them of breaking the copyright law. They accused them of stealing the idea of an Ipad. This case was lost by Apple as the judge stated that 'Very few people would confuse an Ipad with a Samsung Tablet'. 

 Image from: http://www.copyrightauthority.com/copyright-symbol/

Creative Commons-This is a non-profit organisation. They provide people with another license which works alongside the copyright license. It is free of charge and it allows creators of work to changes the terms of their copyright license. It allows them to share their work with everyone under their own conditions. For example, the creator can allow others to use their work as long as they share the credit. This is useful for people who make things like films or music as it means they can help spread their name through other peoples work. There is still a legal side to creative commons as if someone uses your work but does not follow your conditions then you can use your creative commons license to take away the work from them or even take them to court.




Image from: http://infojustice.org/archives/category/positive-agenda/licensing-protected-materials/creative-commons

Libel Law- The Libel Law states that you cannot publish statements or anything similar e.g. pictures, about someone or something that are untrue and may harm their reputation or bring hate towards them. A statement is only breaking the libel law if it claims that it is fact and not an opinion. The libel law can be broken from things like Facebook status' and 'Tweets'. If someone posts something onto social media that is a lie and could potentially harm someone else's reputation then they are breaking the libel law. An example of the Libel Law being broken was the Lord McAlpine Scandal. Lord McAlpine was accused by multiple journalists from different newspapers of being a pedophile. The accusations were found to be untrue and Lord McAlpine sued the BBC for breaching the libel law due to their 'Poor Journalism'.

Image from: http://www.imediaethics.org/News/3598/Itvs_lapse_in_lord_mcalpine_reporting_leads_to_apology__ofcom_investigation__libel_lawsuit.php

Privacy Law- This law gives someone the right to be left alone. People can live how they want without others getting involved with their lives and making judgments. This law is broken if any personal information on someone is published. This can range from something like someone's family life to something much smaller like someone's name. Great care must be taken when dealing with someone's privacy as the Privacy law is easily broken. An employer would be able to take their employees details off them, such as mobile numbers, as part of their contract terms however if someone from a different business was to find out these details then this would be breaking the privacy law. The News Of The World newspaper was shut down due to an extreme case of breaking the privacy law. They hacked in to many people's phones so they could get good stories for their newspaper. They had no permission to hack people's phones which broke the privacy law. Also, Simon Cowell threatened to take the press to court after they equipped a tracking device to his car. Tracking devices are illegal as they are used to invade someone's privacy.

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal

Obscene Publications act 1959- This act makes it illegal to publish anything that breaks set guidelines and is viewed as Obscene, This means anything that could be too harmful for the public to witness. Before something is declared obscene it first has to be taken to court where it will be checked against some guidelines. This is done because what someone might find 'obscene' others may not. Something may be classed as Obscene due to an extreme case of violence, controversy, pornography and so on. One of the most well known cases of this act being broken was when the film, 'Human Centipede 2' was created. The first Human Centipede film caused a lot of controversy and it's sequel was seen as even more gruesome. For this reason it was banned from being shown in the UK and Australia. It took 32 cuts from the film until it was suitable enough to be classed as an 18 rated film. In a year the BBFC issued 1,159 films with an 18 rating. 27% of those films required cuts meaning they broke the Obscene Publications act first time around.


Official Secrets Act 1989- This act ensures that all government employees are sworn to secrecy over certain information. This even applies to the armed forces and civil services. By law, they are sworn to secrecy and if they break this law then there can be serious consequences. The severity of the consequences vary depending on how private the secret needs to be. An example of when the act was breached was the case involving Damian McBride. Damian McBride was a former Labour spin doctor. He was accused of giving away secret information on other colleagues to the press. This is a serious offence as if the press have a hold of such vital information then it will be released and the public may stop supporting theses MPs. According to fellow MP, Ed Miliband, this was his intention and Miliband suggested that McBride should be sacked from his job for this.

Image from: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/damian-mcbride

Health and Safety Act- This particular act is a very important act to consider if you are an employer. It basically speaks for itself by ensuring all employees must be kept safe and be able to get treated in the case of an emergency. There are many considerations that must be taken into account to ensure someone is kept safe, these include: provide and maintain safety equipment and safe systems of work,—

ensure materials used are properly stored, handled, used and transported ,— provide information, training, instruction and supervision, provide a safe place of employment, provide a safe working environment, provide a written safety policy/risk assessment, look after the health and safety of others and talk to safety representatives. An example of when Health and Safety has not been handled properly involved TV presenter, Anthea Turner. She was involved in a live TV show named UP2U. She was supposed to be presenting a motorcycle stunt involving special effects that used explosions. This did not go as expected as there was not clear instructions given to the person who was to cue the explosions and the end result involved Anthea Turner being caught up in the blast. She later sued the BBC for not ensuring her safety. 

Image from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQkn0N4fc_4

That sums up the most important legal considerations that you would need to know of when working in the media industry. As well as these, it is important to know the ethical restraints that there is in media. Although these are not laws, you can still get into serious trouble if you breach them. 

Ethical Considerations

When making a media production, it is important to ensure that you are working within the accepted 'social norms'. The social norms are what the public and the media believe is normal and acceptable for a media production and to ensure that no one is offended when making the production, you must not disobey these standards. 

The Social Norms are:

• Respectful of People's Sensitivities

Some people may have sensitivities that they are self conscious about. You cannot point these out with bad intentions. This can be see as bullying and most of the time the other person would not appreciate it therefore upsetting them and their fans. More importantly there have been past events and certain subjects that people are sensitive about. An example of these could be the 9/11 attack or a critical disease. Saying bad things about these can upset a lot of people. 

• Bad Language/Violence/Sex

Not all viewers/listeners to the media production will be above a certain age. Younger viewers will not be old enough to witness bad language, violence and sex and the majority of their parents or guardians will also not want them to witness this either. If their is any of these things then an age restriction must be displayed or the production should only be played after 9 o'clock. Any younger viewers must know that after this time their is the risk of seeing Bad language, violence and sex. 

• Not causing harm or offence

It is important that you do not cause any individuals harm or offend them in anyway. By offending someone you will get a worse opinion on yourself from others. People will see you as a mean person and will stop taking an interest in your production. You will also lose a lot of respect from the person you offended and their followers and overall will lose a lot more of your own fans. Also you cannot harm someone physically. By doing this you are also breaking the law. 

• Product Placement

You must warn the viewer that there is going to be product placement in the media production. This is shown with a 'P' symbol at the beginning. People like to know that someone will be advertising their products during the production. If someone has a strong opinion on the idea of advertising then they may not choose to watch/listen to the production. If they were not warned and then discovered a product was being advertised then they would be angered at the whole production and think negatively about it from then on.

• Stereotypes

You should not stereotype anyone or thing in a media production. There are lots of different people who have stereotypes to their name and if you encourage this stereotype then you are encouraging others to do the same and this way you are causing that person harm. Some stereotypes alone are offensive and people can be sensitive on the subject which alone is breaking the other social norm guidelines.

One example of when someone did not consider the ethics in media was the TV show 'Big Brother'. One of the contestants to go on Big Brother was Nikki Grahame. At the age of 12, Nikki attempted suicide  by overdosing on pills and ended up in a coma. She was then put into psychiatric care. While she was in the Big Brother house, this information was leaked through the press. This is not following the ethics as someone with her medical background should not be allowed into Big Brother. Some people believed that she was fine now and so it did not matter about her history however by going into the Big Brother House you are potentially putting her under a lot of stress which is what cause her to try and kill herself as a child. This is causing her harm, further research should have been done on the contestants before allowing them to join as they are now at the risk of putting her life in danger.

Image from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/nikki-grahame-sectioned-after-suicide-2040380

Another, more well known, case where the ethics were breached was what is known as 'Sachsgate'. In this case, comedians Russel Brand and Jonathon Ross were set to have special guest Andrew Sachs speak to them on their radio show. Andrew Sachs did not pick up the phone when they called him. Russel Brand and Jonathon Ross then continued their radio show by speaking to his answer machine and in some points of view, humiliating Andrew Sachs and even his grand daughter, Georgina Baillie who is also famous. The show contained some strong language and a recurring topic of Russel Brand having sexual relations with Georgina.

There are many arguments over whether the radio show was really as bad as it was made out to be. The show was not recorded live, it was aired two days after it was recorded. The BBC believed it was funny and was reasonable enough to be aired. Also, after it was aired, only 2 people had complained about it, one specifically complaining about the Andrew Sachs phone call. It was only until the news companies had discovered that Andrew Sachs was upset with it that they released the story. After that, the BBC got a further 1,585 complaints and this went up in later weeks. This shows that the fans of Russel Brands show did not find it offensive, with the exception of 2, which gives the idea that the press made more of a deal out of it then need be, \Another thing was the BBC had put a warning before the broadcast telling listeners there would be some strong language that some listeners may find offensive. People can't complain about the language as they were warned about it before hand. 

In terms of Ethics, the BBC were charged £150,000 by Ofcom for breaking the rules. This is mainly because they invaded Andrew Sachs privacy. The story of Russel and Georgina should have remained private and Andrew Sachs and Georgina Baillie would not have wanted that story getting into the public. The rest of the fine came from smaller offences like offensive comments. Both Brand and Ross had to apologise for the show. Jonathon Ross was suspended for 12 weeks without pay and Russel Brand decided to quit the BBC.

Image from: http://toma9696.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/ethical-issues-in-media.html

A final example of ethics being breached is by comedian, Frankie Boyle. Frankie Boyle has been in trouble for breaching ethics multiple times. He insulted Olympic athlete Rebecca Adlington on the TV show 'Mock The Week'. This insult was unnecessary to the athlete and offensive. Many people turned on him or this as they know it was just a mean comment on a woman who had done the country proud in the Olympics and earned everyone's respect. In return he was banned from the programme 'Mock The Week' which he had appeared on so many times and that helped him get his popular status.

Image from: http://article.wn.com/view/2014/10/14/Derry_drug_dealer_Brian_Thomas_Boyle_jailed/

Music video assignment

Music Video assignment

A music video is created to go along side a piece of music to help advertise the song and artist. There are many different types of music video. They vary depending on the artist and their image. 

Purposes
Every Music video will have a logical reason as to why it is made. Some music videos serve more than one person.

Money
The most obvious reason to make a music video would be to make money. When an artist releases a song, they will want to make as much money of it as possible. A music video really helps with this process as it adds to the areas in which the song can be heard. With a music video, the song can be played on TV on music channels. This way it will be heard by people flicking through the music channels whereas they do not play a song that has no video. Also, the better the music video, the more views it will get and more awareness of the song will come about. Sometimes songs are only played because they have such a good music video however this will not matter as the artists song is still being played and they are still making money.

This band are called 'OK Go'. They are especially popular for the music videos they create. This is one of their most popular songs 'Here it goes again'. In the video the band are doing a dance routine on treadmills. On YouTube, This video was one of the most watched for it's time with 52 million views until it was removed from their YouTube channel. It has now been re-submitted and has 24 million views. This video was more popular than the actual song that the band had wrote however it still earned them plenty of money. The band won a Grammy award for the best music video and also a YouTube award for most creative video. This is a perfect example of how a music video can make an artist money.

Statement
Another purpose for making a music video is to get a statement across. A lot of songs these days have a message that they are trying to tell listeners. Usually to inform them on a serious topic. The videos made to assist them usually display the same message. By giving the listener a visual they can see the message that is trying to be put across whereas before the listener may not have understood the lyrics and therefore did not see the point that was being made.

This video is 'Linkin Park's, What I've done'. In this video, the band are trying to show their audience all the bad things that exist in the world. The video consists of found footage that show many negatives that exist such as war and pollution. They are showing these clips to get the message across of all the bad things that people do. This is to try and get people to make a change in the world and make it a nicer place to live. At the end of the video there is a clip of grass re growing. This is to try and tell people that they can go over all the bad things that exist and make a fresh start. This also links in with the song where it says 'Forgive me, What I've Done'. This line is saying that all the bad things can be forgiven which is also shown by the grass growing clip.

Synergy
Synergy is another purpose to make a music video. Synergy in media when two different areas are brought together. An example of when this is used in music video is when a video is made for a film. By doing this you would be advertising the film and expressing the artists image. People who watch the video may then be interested in going to go and watch the film which will increase their sales and people who are interested in the film may listen to the soundtrack and make the artist money.

This video is 'Nickelback's Hero'. This song was the soundtrack to the first Spiderman film. The song turned out to get into the charts which meant the film 'Spiderman' got a lot more recognition. Also, the film Spiderman will have a large fan base as it is a Marvel film so Nickelback are likely to earn more fans as people will hear their songs after seeing the film.

Techniques

There are a lot of different techniques to use when it comes to music videos. It is important to know different techniques so that you can create the best form of music video.

Cutting to the beat

One technique is cutting to the beat. This is when a music video changes shots to fit in with the beat of the song. When the beat changes then a different shot is shown. This helps make the video look more fluent and like it only fits this specific song. If a song has a fast beat then the cuts are generally faster, and if the song has a slow beat then the shots last longer.

This song is 'Feel The Love' by 'Rudimental'. This song is a good example as it starts off with a slow beat but then gradually gets faster. This means the cuts get quicker as the video goes along.

Lip Syncing
Another technique used is lip syncing. This is used instead of the artist having to sing again when recording the video. This is helpful as if the sound is pre-recorded then it will sound better than trying to use the sound picked up from the cameras. The cameras sound will pick up a lot of background noise as well as the singing which means that the song won't come across. Also in some music videos the singers who are lip syncing may be involved in other activities which may distract them from singing. A lot of Music videos have dance routines which would put the singer out of breath for when they need to sing. Also a song would be recorded in a studio where there is no back ground sound which would make the music sound at its best.

In this video 'It's Time' by 'Imagine Dragons' the band is lip syncing the song. This is useful because in the video the band are in a wasteland and the weather conditions look bad therefore meaning there would be a lot of background noise that would interrupt the song. Also the band do not stay close to the camera for the whole video so in some parts it will be hard to pick up what they are saying.

Hyperlapse
Another technique which is proving popular in music videos is Hyperlapse. A hyperlapse is when a video recording is sped up. This is used to show that time is passing or simply to speed up a process that is taking a while. An example of a good time to use a hyperlapse would be to speed up things like grass growing or something cooking. These would generally not be used in music videos.

This song is 'Centuries by Fall Out Boy'. This video relies completely on a Hyperlapse. In the video we see the cameraman travelling around a city. All the footage is hyperlapsed as otherwise it would be too slow and this would bore the viewer. Also not as much footage would be shown as you wouldn't be able to fit it all in time. At the end we see someone spray painting on a wall. It is important that this is hyperlapsed as otherwise the viewer would be watching him spray paint for a while as it is a long process.


Styles
There is a set style to every music video. Different styles are used in music videos to make them more interseting and entertaining for the viewer.

One take
One of the styles for a music video is a one take video. This is when there are no cuts or change of shots throughout the video. There is simply one camera filming the entire music video on it's own with no stops. This is usually used on fast paced songs as the camera men will be trying to fit in everything on one shot so everything on film will be running to quickly get on and off the shot.

This video is 'Taylor Swift's, We Are Never Getting Back Together'. This video is all using one shot. In the video we see her moving from one set to another which in turn tells a story. The story shows her relationship with her boyfriend. This video uses the One shot style effectively as the camera follows Taylor Swift whilst around her, what the camera doesn't see, the sets are changing and the actors change costumes. The camera moves at a fast paced to fit with the upbeat song.

Found Footage
Another technique used in music video's is Found Footage videos.This is a less common form of music video however it is still effective. Found footage is video clips that are available for everyone to use. They are in the Public Domain. A found Footage music video would be useful to someone as it would save them a lot of money. Money would not be needed to spend on sets, actors or props as they will not be shown on the video. The only money needed will be to pay for the editor. A lot of music videos that use found footage also show the singer or band as well as they still want to get the band/singer's image across. This means there will be some extra expenses yet there may not need to be as much.

This video is 'Man In The Mirror by Michael Jackson'. This video is made up of found footage. The found footage shows a lot of bad things in the world and clips of people trying to make a change. For example we see a clip of the KKK who represent the bad things in the world and we also see a clip of Martin Luther King which represent the change. The found footage clips also help to get messages across as they show people reality. This video shows what is really happening or has happened in the world in the hope to get them to make a change.

Animation
Some music videos are made using animation. There are some music videos that appear to be cartoons or other animations like 3D animation. This way you will also be saving money as you only need to pay for someone to create an animation and the animating technology and nothing else. Not many music videos are animated as it is harder to get a message across using cartoons however it would interest a younger audience and increase the likely hood of them watching it.

This video is 'Feel Good Inc by Gorillaz'  This video is made using 2D animation. The video shows a group of people who have been animated to act as the singers of the song. The animation uses an Anime style which shows the band showing their image. It is telling people who are interested in anime that they may be interested in this kind of music or will at least like the video, which in turn would get the 'Gorillaz' more fans.

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Editing Practical

Editing Practical assignment

 

I have recently made a short 1 minute film. After I recorded all my shots I had to edit them to get the best out of my video.

To start with my editing I had to take all my clips and ingest them onto Adobe Premiere Pro. To do this I had to use Adobe Prelude.

 In these screenshots I have selected to ingest my clips from the file option. I have then looked through my files and selected my shots that I need for the film. By Ingesting them I am making sure they run without any problems for when I send it to Premiere Pro.

This shows my clips after I have ingested them. I then highlighted them all and right clicked and I am presented with the option to send them to Premiere Pro.

This shows all my clips in Adobe Premiere Pro.  I am going to add all of these on to a timeline and cut them down to appropriate lengths.

This shows all my clips added onto the timeline. I have cropped them down so that they are the length that I intended them to be and they meet the 1 minute deadline.

The next part to my editing will be adding the sound in. I had recorded some ambient sound from when I was filming which I am going to add to company my clips.

  I have opened up Adobe Audition. In here I will edit my sound clips. I have copied the sound clip over so it lasts the duration needed. You cannot tell that the sound repeats as it is just ambience. I have also made it fade out at the end so when the film ends the music slowly does as well.

I am now going to drag the saved Audition file over onto my film.

This shows my film after I have added in the ambient sound. The sound goes right through to the end of the film.

I have now looked and found a sound effect from freeSFX.com. The sound effect is from an FA Cup Final. I have downloaded the sound and have copied it over onto my film.  

This shows my film after I have added the sound effects in. I have added it on to the second audio line so it can play along with the ambient sound. I have cropped it so it only plays over the shots that I want it to and it only plays the part of the sound clip I want.

This print screen shows I am colour correcting my first shot. I am using the effects Luma Curve and Fast Colour Corrector. The Luma Curve lets me control the brightness on the shots and the fast colour corrector lets me add more of a certain colour to it

This is the first shot as I took it, before I used colour correction.

This is the shot after I had colour corrected it. By doing this I have made the shot darker as I thought it was a bit too bright and I also thought there was too much blue so I used the colour corrector to add more yellow which is opposite to blue on the colour scale.

After doing the same to the rest of my clips, I now have a short film that I am happy with.

I am now going to export the video so I can put it on YouTube. 

I am now exporting my video. By doing this I am changing the file type so I can upload it to YouTube.

This is my final film and it has been uploaded to YouTube.

  







Editing History

Editing History

Over time, it is clear to see an improvement in films. This is mainly due to the large changes to editing within films over history. Film editing goes back as early as the 1800's. Many pioneers made breakthroughs that have allowed film to develop to what it is today. Some of their breakthroughs turned out to be huge in the filming industry, some of the examples are:

Eadweard Muybridge 

Eadweard Muybridge was born on 9th April 1830. By the age of 20, Muybridge had moved to America and it was when he was living over there in San Francisco that he acquired his interest in photography in 1855. His original goal was to photograph the west with his mobile darkroom. He produced many landscape photos of the scenery in the west, some of which became quite popular. His reputation as a photographer increased in the late 1800's and this is how he then made his major discovery.

Image from: http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist3/sallie.html

He was contacted by the ex-governor of California, Leland Stanford in 1873 to try and settle a bet. Stanford believed that when a horse was running all four of it's hooves left the ground. This theory could never be proven as a horse moved to quickly for the human eye to tell. To find an answer, Muybridge placed 12 different cameras in a line. Each camera was attached to a trip wire which when triggered, would close the shutter of the camera. He then made a horse run past the line of cameras. The horse triggered each cameras trip wires individually and a picture was taken by each one. Each picture showed the horse moving and therefore made motion photographs. The images proved that a horse does in fact have all four hooves off the ground when running. 

Muybridge then had to present his results to prove what he had found. He needed to develop a projector to display his images in motion. To do this he decided to develop the Zoetrope created by William George Horner. A Zoetrope was pictures which were inserted into slots of a drum and when rotated. Their would appear to be one picture moving. Muybridge adapted the Zoetrope to create the Zoopraxinoscope. This used glass disks with images painted on them. when the disks where quickly rotated it looked as though the images were moving. This is considered by many as the first movie projector. By 1978 Muybridge had perfected his work which had lead to him becoming very popular in the photography industry. 

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopraxiscope

Thomas A. Edison

Thomas A. Edison was born on the 11th February 1847. Edison is most famously known for his invention of the light bulb however he also played a big part in the advancements of film editing. Before his work on film, Edison had worked on many other projects. He started his working life by selling newspapers and experimenting on press machines. He then went into work as a telegraph operator which was when he made his first invention, a telegraphic repeating instrument. Edison had made a lot of inventions and in turn made a lot of money however it wasn't until 1879 when he created what is regarded his best invention-the Light Bulb. He spent many years after this developing the light bulb.

Image from: http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/edison_bio.html

 In the year 1883, Edison had hired W.K.L Dickson as his assistant. They were inspired by the previous works of the likes of Edweard  Muybridge and wanted to create his own invention that would create and show moving pictures. His first attempt was to arrange small photographs around a cylinder with a light inside it. He had to improve this idea if he wanted to make a working invention. It wasn't until 1890 when Edison attempted his first film with the cylinder method. He found that this technique made the images look extremely grainy, even when magnified. Edison then decided to abandon his cylinder method.

With Dickson doing most of the research, they had developed the Kinetoscope. This invention was a large box which the viewers could peer into from the top to watch around 1 minute of film. In 1892, a studio was built named the Black Maria in Edison's laboratory grounds. This studio showed the Kinetoscope in 1983. There were people lined up outside the door to see the Kinetoscope display a short scene based on a blacksmith. The Black Maria was used in the future to show Edison and Dickson's films. Through his career, Edison had created over 1000 inventions.

Image from; http://film110.pbworks.com/w/page/12610254/Kinetoscope

Lumiere Brothers
Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere are widely regarded as the first film makers in history. They were both sons to a famous artist Antoine Lumiere. Antoine, realised the money that was in photographic processing and decided to leave behind his successful art career to begin selling photographic equipment. Intrigued by this field of work, Louis had decided to join his father and experimented on the equipment he was selling. Whilst experimenting, Louis developed a new dry plate process for taking pictures at only 17. This brought in a lot more money to his father's new business. Antoine now a respected business man, was invited to see the Kinetiscope that Edison had created. He came back to Louis and told him to make his own so he could sell them for a cheaper price as Edison sold them for large amounts. With the help of his brother Auguste, they got to work on their new project in 1984.

Image from: http://www.focusfeatures.com/article/sibling_cinema__the_lumi__re_brothers_and_the_dawn_of_film

The brothers were not only set on recreating Edison's device, they wanted to improve it. They found that there were two major problems with the Kinetoscope: first was it's size, it was too big and heavy which meant it was generally restricted to one place. Second was the fact only one person could view it at one time, they wanted people to enjoy it together, By combining a camera with a printer and a projector in 1895, they had created a Cinematographe. This was a much smaller device and a lot lighter. It worked by turning a crank on the side which ran the film. Another change they had made to their new invention was it ran at 16 frames per second rather than 48.  This meant they didn't have to use as much film and also the clatter made from Edison's device was reduced to a minimum. A big breakthrough the brothers found when making the device was that a similar mechanism used on a sewing machine could be used to run the film. This is something that Edison did not believe could work.

Image from: http://pixgood.com/lumiere-cinematographe-1895.html

The first of their films to be shown was on March 22nd 1895 in Paris. This film showed workers leaving the Lumiere factory and was shown at an industrial meeting. The first showing of their films were private however word soon spread of their breakthrough until finally they showed their first public screening on the 28th of December that same year. The brothers then began to open their own theatres to show their films which became known as Cinemas. It took only four months before they had created cinemas in London, Brussels, Belgium and New York. From 1997 to 1998, their catalogue of films had grew from 358 to 1000 and also in 1900 they projected a film on a large 99X79 foot screen. This is how Cinema began.

Beginning of editing to what it is today
The first films made for Cinema were only short, they all used only one long shot. The reason for them being short was because they could only run for the length of the film in the camera. Due to them being short, the films made generally didn't have a story, instead it was just recordings of simple everyday things such as a train moving. This was not a problem however as it was a new thing so the fact that images were moving was enough to entertain a crowd.

Many people believe that editing first came into film in 1898 when British film maker Robert W. Paul made a film called 'Come Along Do!' This was the first film to use more than one shot. The first shot was a couple eating lunch outside an art exhibition then following some people inside, the second shot shows them inside the art exhibition and looking around it.

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_film

Robert W. Paul was also the first to use a camera that featured reverse cranking. In 1901, his film 'Scrooge' or 'Marley's Ghost' was the first film to use this technique. Reverse cranking allows the same piece of film to be exposed several times.

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Nowadays all film editing is done on a computer however films were around long before computers were created. Film makers had to edit their films by physically cutting them. In a roll of film you can see all the frames of the film you have shot. Film makers back then  would have to find the frame that they want to cut and quite literally cut it out of the film. They would then have to stick the two ends of the film that they just separated together with something transparent that wouldn't show up on the film when it is projected.

Many of the best film makers at the time would experiment with the rolls of film to try and find a way of adding special effects. One of the greatest pioneers to do this was Georges Melies. He was one of the first to add special effects into his films. He would personally take the films and alter their appearance by doing things such as colouring them. He would colour them as in that time the cameras only filmed in black and white. This meant however that he would have to colour every single frame in of the film. This was the same circumstances for any other effects that needed to be added in.

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Now, almost all films are digitally edited. In 1985, a company called Quantel released the 'Harry'. This was the first completely digital editing and effects system. It could only apply affects to 80 seconds worth of video. Quantel were followed by other companies attempting to create similar devices such as Avid and Adobe. It wasn't until 1992 when the first feature film (Let's Kill All The Lawyers) was made using only digital editing. Before this all films digitally edited were only shorts. It wasn't until two years later when digital editing started to become recognised as the best way to edit films. Hundreds of films were now being edited digitally. In 1996, 'The English Patient' became the first digitally edited film to win an Oscar for best editing. Most films are digitally edited now as it is a lot easier than it use to be and it gives the user so many more possibilities. The most popular editing systems are Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro X and Sony Vegas Pro 11.

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Purposes of Editing
The most obvious reason why we use editing in films is so the viewer does not get bored. In the first films, editing was not necessary as the fact images were moving was enough to keep a whole audience entertained as it was new to them. Nowadays, films compete to edit their films better than the rest as everyone wants to see something new.

One of the most important things to note when editing is the pace of the film. The correct pace is needed to keep a viewer interested and it helps to determine what feel the film has to it. The editor must decide the correct time for each shot of the film. If they leave a shot on for too long then the viewer would get bored of seeing the shot and would start questioning what else is going on around the shot that they aren't seeing. If the shot is too quick then the viewer would not take in the detail that they have to see from the shot. This is why it is important to determine the style and pace of the film and then edit your shots around that. A slow pace film is generally made up of longer shots which last a few seconds. If a film is slow paced then it is usually not a tense film for example, a romance. Shorter shots generate a quicker pace which is usually good for action films. The film 'The Bourne Ultimatum' is a very fast paced film. This works for it as there are a lot of fighting scenes in which the quick shots are useful. In the gun fight scenes, the viewer would want to see every piece of action from every bullet fired to every man being shot therefore the quick shots are necessary to show everything.

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Editing is also important as it helps the viewer understand the films story line better. A film must be edited right to get information on a character across correctly. With the right shot, the smaller details can be put across to the audience so they know how to feel about the character. Characters can be determined by their clothes, expressions, props and much more. If a character is wearing bright clothes then the viewer can tell that they will most likely be a lighthearted character at first glance therefore a shot that shows their full body would be useful such as a long shot. Sometimes an editor would not show certain decisive details of a character and introduce them later on. This way when the viewer finds out, it is a surprise and catches them off guard which makes a more entertaining film. An example of when this has been done was in the film 'The Usual Suspects'. It is only at the end of the film when we see the Police Chief's office and we see the details that were missed out previously like the bulletin board with the names of the characters.

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Continuity

Continuity is important in film as it is used to try and make a film as realistic as possible. If continuity is added in correctly then it should give the viewer a feel of what the film would be like if it was reality. In turn, by doing this it is easier for the audience to understand what is going on in the film and take into account the action that is happening. A technique of how to use continuity is to match on the action. This means that the camera must follow the action that is happening for example if someone is walking then the camera follows them. In the film 'The Wizard Of Oz' there is a character shown riding a bike. The camera follows her whilst she is riding and when she comes to turn a corner, there is a change of shot to show her riding from the front therefore allowing the viewer to see exactly what is happening at the time. If she simply rode her bike off screen then the viewer would not know what is happening.

Jump Cuts

Jump Cuts are two consecutive shots that are showing the same target but have different camera angles. The two different angles generally only change slightly. By adding in jump cuts, you are giving the impression of time passing. This is used so the viewer does not have to watch parts of the film where nothing is happening as they would get bored. By using jump cuts you can skip straight to the action so the viewer is always interested. An example is from the film 'Breathless' we see a female character sat in a car facing forward and then there is a jump cut to show her doing her makeup and looking away. Here the new cut has barely changed in camera angles as the camera is still looking at the same subject. It also skips out the time in which she would be looking out the front window and taking out her makeup. This is useful as this is unnecessary action that the viewer does not need to see as it is not important to the story.

Image from: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/shaff090/3201section4/2013/04/prompt-10-editing.html

180 degree rule

The 180 degree rule is used to display the relationship between two characters or a character and an object. When using the 180 degree, you need to imagine a line going through the middle of the two characters. This line is also known as the axis. The camera must stay on one side of the axis otherwise you are not within 180 degrees of the subject. The characters must always stay in the center and it is the camera that moves within 180 degrees. This rule is almost always applied during dialogue between two characters.

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This image shows how the 180 degree rule is applied. The green area shows where the camera can be placed to get a shot of the characters. The red area is where you can't place the camera as the characters would then change which side they appeared to be on.

Dissolves

Dissolves are also known to some people as Fade in and Fade out. It is a transition that is put between two images or shots. It is the opposite to a cut which does not use any transition. A dissolve overlaps the end of one shot and the beginning of the next. They are generally used between two scenes but are also commonly used in montages. It is handy to use a dissolve between two scenes as it helps to get the point across of time passing between the two scenes. In the film 'Raiders Of The Lost Ark', the editors very effectively used the dissolve transition. At the beginning we see the Paramount pictures logo which is a picture of a mountain, it then dissolves into a shot of an actual mountain which is the first scene of the film. 

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Shot-reverse-shot

A shot-reverse-shot is a good way to show the 180 degree rule. It is used when two characters are conversing. The character who is talking will be shown looking off screen usually, the other character will be shown in the next shot looking back in the other direction. This gives the viewer the impression they are looking at each other while talking. A shot-reverse-shot is usually done with 3 cameras. There is a camera showing both the characters which is usually a mid shot or a wide shot. This is an establishing shot to show the situation in which the action is happening. There is then a camera facing over the shoulder of each character which shows the character opposite them for when they are talking. The cameras do not only show the characters speaking, they also show the other characters reactions to the conversation. It is important to know when to cut between dialogue and reactions as this gives the viewer a good feel as to what the atmosphere is like.

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This image is from the film 'The Dark Knight'. In this scene 'Batman' is interrogating 'The Joker'. As they are conversing we can see that they are looking at each other as the shot is over The Joker's shoulder and we see Batman facing him. The shot would change when The Joker talks back to him or if he has a notable reaction.

Cutting to a sound track

When an editor cuts to a soundtrack, they are changing the pace of the film to the speed of the music. This means they change the length of the shots to fit with the beat. For example if the background music has a fast beat then there will be quick shots and lots of cuts. If there is a slow beat then the shots will last longer and less cuts will be needed. It is important to change the shots only when the beat changes rather than just changing them at random as then it would not fit with the soundtrack. Cutting to a soundtrack is most important when making a music video. If the music video does not fit with the song then people may not watch it and therefore the song won't get listened to. A good example of a music video that cuts to the song is 'Rudimental's-Feel The Love'

In this song the cuts start off fairly slow as their is a slow beat however they gradually get faster as there is a bass that kicks in part of the way through the song therefore meaning there is a faster beat.