Multi-camera technique

Live Music Event

How it works

It is very hard to film live music with just one single camera. By using multiple cameras you can capture the entire event at once. To film a live music event you would have to place multiple cameras focusing on different subjects. The usual subjects to focus on are the musicians themselves. If it is a band then it is common to have a camera on each member. Sometimes one camera can be used to cover multiple members. If they are not stationary then they move to different points where they can cover different members or subjects of interest. When the camera is moving, a different camera will be stationary and covering something else. This footage will be used whilst the other cameras adjust. If you are covering a solo artist then you can still use multiple cameras. There can be more than one camera focusing on the performer, just at different angles. When filming a music event, the focus does not have to be entirely on the singer or band member. It is good to get shots of the venue and the crowd. This makes it less boring to watch as you are not seeing the same thing over and over again. By filming the crowd you can see their reaction which would look good on the band as it shows people enjoy them, it is especially effective if it is a large crowd as there would be lots of different perspectives to film from. You can also use a camera to get shots of the venue. This is effective for getting across the performers image and style. If the venue is different to others and not like the typical popular venues then it can make the artist look unique.

Image from: http://odellbrewing.com/event/live-music-with-greyweather/

Image from: http://themmf.net/2012/01/10/mmf-event-how-to-book-a-tour-16th-january-2/#.VkTsCzZOfIU

These images show different uses of cameras when filming live music. The top image focuses on the artist and the lower image shows the venue and the crowd.

Sports coverage

Sports coverage is basically recording a live sporting event. This can be any sport. With sports coverage, multiple cameras are used to ensure the whole event is captured. As it is live, there is no telling what will happen and where it will happen so by using multiple cameras you can make sure that no matter where it is there will be a camera to pick it up. In most sporting events there is one camera that captures a long shot of the whole, or majority, of the event. This is to show everything that is happening at the moment in time. If there is nothing particularly interesting going on then this shot is usually used so the viewer can see everything. There are other cameras used that are closer to certain targets. These targets are where there is expected to be action. For example in a football match there will be a camera close to the goal because there is expected to be goals scored and in a  rugby game there is a camera next to the in goals to capture when someone scores a try. In sporting events like rugby and football where there is a large area that the event takes place, there will be other cameras in different areas of the grounds to capture reaction shots or give different angles to the action. It is very common to show the reaction of the players or the crowd when something happens. This is used to make the coverage a bit more interesting to watch as it would get boring watching one camera repeating the same shot over and over. In some sporting events there is a camera focusing on the outside of the stadium. This is effective if the stadium is particularly big as it emphasises the scale of it. This can also be used to show fans entering the stadium. When faced with a camera, fans often react excitedly which gives a positive outlook on the game ahead.

Image from: http://www.storyofbing.com/2012/04/my-first-rugby-game/

Image from: http://www.irrawaddy.org/sports/euro-2012-germany-portugal-win-holland-go-out.html

These pictures are different angles that can be used in sporting events. The top image is from a rugby game which is showing the whole game and the bottom image is from a football match that is focusing on the action.

What defines them as multi-camera?

Both live music and sports coverage are multi camera because they require multiple cameras to record the events. If they both used a single camera then they would get very few views.. It would be boring to watch and it would get frustrating for viewers to watch sports coverage when they are missing all the action.

The Similarities

One of the similarities between music and sports coverage is the crew needed. This is the same with most multi camera projects. There has to be multiple camera operators in both sets as there is multiple cameras being used. If there is no one to operate and alter a certain camera then it won't pick up what it needs to and might miss out on some action. Another important role in both sets is a vision mixer. Their job is to watch everything being recorded by each camera and alternate between which shot is being aired. This is important for both sets as they are both live so they cannot be edited afterwards. The vision mixer has to be aware of what each shot is picking up and pay close attention to what is going on. Viewers don't want to miss anything so they need to ensure they don't. Another similarity is that both music and sports focus their cameras on similar subjects. For example, both of them often turn one camera on to the crowd or audience for effect. The reaction shots look positive on the band or team as well as the amount of people in the audience. This makes it look as though what is being recorded is popular and more people will then watch the recording if they think it is popular or mainstream. The shots of the crowd are also useful in these productions as the viewer is not then seeing the same thing over and over again.

The Differences 

Although they both use similar techniques, live music and sporting events themselves are very different. One big difference is the equipment that has to be used. A big downside to filming sporting events is the majority of sports are filmed outside. This means you would have to purchase more equipment to assist the original equipment in case of bad weather like rain. You can't film with rain all over the lens and if the equipment gets wet there is a risk of it breaking. That being said there are some outdoor music events however most of these take part in the summer or in hot countries where the weather is fairly predictable whereas sport takes place all year in every country. For this reason, sport is probably more expensive to film than music. The money can soon be made back up though as there is always sport on TV. Even if you film for a single team or club, they would most likely still want you to film once a week at least. With music, there is a lot less opportunities. You could probably not earn a living from filming one artist as they will not always be performing live gigs. There will always be people performing but not many will pay much as the majority will just be smaller artists who play in small venues. There are so many sports that are popular so you could easily find a large venue to film at but in music you would struggle to find work unless you where on a big label.

Pros and Cons

An advantage of using multi camera for these events is that you can film everything. They are live so you only get one chance to film them and multi camera ensures everything is captured on camera. This also means you can film multiple subjects which you wouldn't be able to do with a single camera. You do not have to limit what you film. Another pro is that you don't have to spend time editing. Multiple cameras mean you cut whilst filming. With single camera, you have to stop filming and then change your subject or the alternative would be to move from subject to subject however this wouldn't look good as it would be blurry and there will be a lot of useless footage. With multi cameras you can point a different camera at the next subject and just switch to it. As both music and sports are both live you would have no time to edit so the result of using single camera would look horrible which is why it is better to use multi cameras.

Some of the disadvantages of using multi cameras include the cost. Using more cameras will obviously be more expensive as you have to pay for more cameras. This also means you will have to buy any individual equipment to go with certain cameras such as tripods. There is also the cost of things like audio and lighting. When filming live music and sports you have to cover a wide area so you will need to buy more audio and lighting equipment to make sure that no area is missed out. You cannot get away with using one large piece of lighting equipment as it may not look effective in every camera therefore you will need to buy extra lights to make sure each shot is suitable to view. Another disadvantage is there is less flexibility. You can only pull off certain kinds of shots, you wouldn't be able to film using more complex shots such as a POV shot as there is a risk of getting your own equipment in the shot. When it comes to the live events this is not as much of a problem however in a live event there is generally not much room to do these kind of shots anyway.

How media producers define audiences

Audience research is very important in any media production. It is needed so the producer can have an idea of who will be interested in their production and what they like. By knowing what they like they can change their production to grab the attention of the consumer. This is the best way to get an audience because if you create something that very few people will like then very few people will be interested in it. After collecting audience research, producers will create their product around what their results show. For example if their target audience is teenage boys then their research might show that a lot of teenage boys are interested in action so the producer might change their product to involve more action. If the producer instead decided to add more romance then there would most likely be less boys going to see their product, in turn making less money.

Audiences are profiled in different categories. This is to help narrow down who your audience is and what you are aiming for. The usual categories to break down into are:

Gender
This is probably the most basic of categories to break down into however it is the most important one to consider. There are definitely different interests between the average female and the average male and a production is probably going to aim more towards one or the other. When finding your target audience you must assume stereo types. In terms of a media production the average male would be more interested in action and the average female would be more interested in romance. Other genres can be aimed at both genders. Males and females are a very broad category to research into so there will be a lot of results. The advantage of this is that you can get an easy answer as to what they like however more complex projects will require more complex research into other categories. You could not create an entire project based on males probably liking it because then there will likely not be a good end result.

Age
Age is another category of audience. Different ages are interested in and permitted to consume different products. It is important to pick a age range that you wish to aim your product at. A younger audience (children) would tend to be more interested in lighthearted productions. A lot of them also carry important lessons across to teach children. This is genuinely to get the approval of the parents as they want their kids to get something out of it. For an older audience there is a lot more you can include in your production as you do not have to censor certain things, for example you could not include strong language in a production aimed at children. If making a production based on real life events, producers tend to aim towards an older audience so they can get the full story across rather than having to cut a lot of it out for children. As far as films go, the age classifications are U, PG, 12, 12a, 15 and 18. Different content decides which age classification your film would go in to. If you know that your film would include very strong language then you should aim for ages 15 and over as it would definitely be classed as a 15 film meaning anyone younger couldn't see it anyway.

Socio-Economic Status
The socio-economic status of a person is important to consider when creating a project. Socio economic status is made up of a person's income, education and occupation. Different socio-ecomonic classes will be interested in products that they can relate to and understand. A good understanding of the different classes would help to develop the project a long as you could get a more accurate representation in your project. Another thing to consider is different classes might be more likely to consume your product. For example, people with a high socioeconomic status might visit the cinema more often which would be handy in terms of making money for a film project. On the other hand people with a low socioeconomic status might tend to listen to the radio more than the other classes which would make more money for a radio based project.

Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation defines which gender someone is attracted to. The different categories are heterosexuality, being attracted to someone of the opposite gender, homosexuality, attracted to someone of the same gender, and bisexuality, attracted to both genders. Sexual orientation can be difficult to work in to. Many people have strict views and beliefs on what sexual orientation is acceptable. There are a lot of people who believe that everyone should be heterosexual. This can be due to religious reasons or simply personal preference. When making a project heavily based around a certain sexual orientation it is likely that you will offend someone or other however each orientation has large numbers so there will still be plenty of people interested if carried out well. Making a project obviously aimed towards (for example) bisexual people will most likely gather a large audience of bisexuals however may not attract other sexually orientated people so it is important to consider whether a larger audience and more potential money is key or you would rather stick with aiming at one orientation and getting the final project that you want.

Regional Identity
Regional identity is important to look at as it is really useful for developing your projects. Regional identity is the area in which someone lives or has lived and the effect it has had on their lifestyle. Things to take into account when looking at regional identity are: accents, outfits, dialogue socioeconomic class and others. In a media project, if you were creating a character that was from Newcastle, you would have to carry out your research on the people of Newcastle. People from that area have a particular accent and a certain slang about them which can be applied to your character. It is even worth taking into account that people from around that area are referred to as 'Geordies'. Without the research, the character would not at all be believable and the project could not be taken seriously.

 Psychographics
Researching psychographics is researching into people's attitudes and personality. To carry out this form of research it is usually best to ask consumers questions that they can agree or disagree with to find out their views on things. By asking consumers questions that they can give an open response to you will then be getting a detailed answer that you can use to apply to a project. In terms of making a media project this is helpful as, like regional identity, it can help you develop characters and stories. An example is if you have a project based on British politics and you have multiple British teenage characters, it is important to know what their views would be on it all so you can apply it to your project. an alternative would be to simply assume the characters opinions however this is not as accurate and possibly not as believable. If someone was to create this project then some useful questions to ask some teens would be: "Where do you stand on today's government?" or "What changes would you make to the government?"

Geodemographics
Geodemographics is the study of groups of people in a certain geographical area. This is important if you are aiming your project at a certain area. By carrying out Geodemographic research you are finding out what people who live in that area are interested in and in turn finding out what they would like from your media project. Smaller areas tend not to vary much from what they enjoy however when it comes to an area as large as a country it can matter a lot. This is because different countries will have different things going on in their lives as well as different experiences, tastes and humour. A production using entirely English humour that is shown only to America is not likely to succeed as not many consumers will understand it as much and won't find it funny. Another reason geodemographics is important is because certain areas might be passionate or sensitive on a certain subject so by making a production on the subject you could easily offend them. Even if you are broadcasting to multiple areas, it is important that you don't upset anyone so you can avoid complaints and bad reviews. 

Mainstream 
Mainstream is the opinions and attitudes that are shared by most people. It is what is seemed to be normal. Working on a production and aiming it for it to be mainstream has both advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is that it is aimed at a lot of people there for it will please most people. It would include what most people like and so there is a good chance that there will be a large consumption. On the downside, the production will most likely have been done before if not something very similar. This means you run the risk of copyright which can lead to legal action. Even if you don't copy anything, your production will probably not stand out from the others as there is nothing that makes it individual so whereas you may get a lot of consumers it will most likely get average reviews. An example of this is everyone knows Jason Statham, he is even the first 'Jason' to appear on google however every film of his is the same...

Alternative
Alternative research is looking in to things are not mainstream. Good research into alternative media productions would result in finding information on something that will turn out to be mainstream in the future. This is good because you are creating something that there is not much of which will mean it is original and it could become mainstream meaning people will begin to like it and future productions will just be copying your original ideas. However it is a also a risk because there is no guarantee that it will become mainstream resulting in less consumers. Also, a radical idea is usually necessary to start an alternative production but it may be too radical for people to understand or enjoy which would not do you any favours.

Niche
A production that is niche is aimed at a small minority of people. This would be a certain group that are interested in a certain thing for example Bollywood films. Research into this would be to first research what the Bollywood films include and then what the people are like who watch them. The advantage of this is that you can create something that you are interested in which could allow you to be more free with your work however a minority of people being interested in the same thing you are would mean not many people will pay to consume your production. It is not wise to create a niche production if you are only doing it for the money.




Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a form of research that is all based on numbers and statistics. This is a useful way of carrying out research as it is simple to understand. You can get basic info on what you are researching in to and using numbers is a strong way of finding out how many people are interested in your project. Statistics are useful in research as you can find out what is mainstream and therefore use it in your own production to help increase your viewers. In the same manor, you can use the numbers and statistics to find out what your targeted group of people are interested in so then you can ensure that you are pleasing your target audience. Quantitative research is also useful for measuring your target audience. You can see how many people you will be creating your product for. This is important as if your research shows that there is not many people interested in your idea then it is worth changing the idea to suit something more people will enjoy.

BARB (Broadcasters Audience Research Board) is a non profit organisation that is used to measure views each TV programme is getting on each channel. It is a useful asset to anyone who wants to create a film or television product. This is because anyone can look at BARB and find out what is currently most popular which shows you what people are interested in and what is mainstream. By using BARB it is easy to find patterns which show what popular programmes have in common. You can look at all the most viewed shows on different channels and see if they are of a similar genre or similar story line. You could then apply this to your own production which would give it a better chance of success.

Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is another form of research carried out to gain info on a target audience. This form of research is based more on finding smaller details. This is useful research to carry out after quantitative research. This is because quantitative research gives very broad results and by using qualitative research you can then define these results to get exactly what you are looking for. For example, if you carried out quantitative research and found that most people wanted to see an action film, you could then use qualitative research to find out what it is about action films that they like. This is useful when deciding what content to add to your project.

One form of qualitative research that can be carried out is questionnaires. This is a useful method because you can ask questions that you need answers to. If there is something that you are unsure of and need to know for making your project then you could ask about it in your questionnaire and hand it to the audience that you have found from your quantitative research. A questionnaire is a simple method meaning there will be few complications when getting your answers back. The main disadvantage of a questionnaire is that there is no guarantee that everyone who takes one will fill it in. You might not get as many results back as you want.

Music video production log

Production log

I have been given the task of creating a music video. My task is to pick an artist and song and then analyse it thoroughly to find the best idea for a music video. I have picked the song "T-Shirt Weather" by the band "Circa Waves".

To begin my production I have decided to look in to the group that sings this song. I am aiming to find out there style to determine how this video should be pulled off.

I have started off by looking at their website
http://circawaves.com/?skipSplash=1
On their website they have videos and pictures of their music. They also have other features like their latest news and a merchandise store. By looking at these features I am able to define the kind of band they are. They seem to be an indie band who are just starting out. Because they are indie I will try and avoid making a typical chart music video.

I have had to look further in to them to find if they have a specific style. In a lot of their videos they show footage of themselves doing different things. There is generally no story. An example of this is their music video for the song 'Fossils' is entirely made up of clips of them when they were on tour.

This is the video for that song
What I can also notice from this video and some others of theirs is that they tend to edit their videos to make them look old fashioned. It looks as though it was filmed in the early 90's or late 80's. I think this defines their style and I should do this to my video. In their videos they wear very plain clothes. This tends to be a blank t-shirt and jeans. This gives them a simple appearance so I will have to try and not over complicate my video.

This is a lyric video to the song I will be making a music video for.

I have searched for a document with the full lyrics. This screenshot shows what I have found. Now I have this I will begin analysing the song to find the meaning behind it. The song is pretty self explanatory from what I can gather. I believe the song is showing how the singer misses being younger and being able to enjoy the summer time. He basically explains how he does not enjoy himself as much anymore. I can gather this as T-shirt weather obviously refers to summer as this is hot weather. He says in the lyrics that he remembers it. This is not implying that there is no hot weather anymore as this is something that will and always has varied. I think he is implying that he cannot use the phrase T-shirt weather anymore as he cannot go out and enjoy it. People use this phrase when they have been out in the sun. From this one phrase I think that the singer is saying that other things are getting in the way of him going out and enjoying the sun. Other hints towards this are that through the whole song he is referring to past times. An example is when he says '17 went far too quick'. From this I believe he is talking about the age 17. He is saying that it didn't feel like he was 17 for long until he turned 18. This gives me the idea that this was the last year where he could enjoy the summer. When you turn 18 you often go on to get a job or to further education like Uni which would mean your time would be taken up and you wouldn't be able to enjoy the sun. This is the point I think they are trying to make. They want to be young and enjoy their summers again.

The song is fast and up beat so I think i should make the video more positive. This means I will try and avoid making a depressing video that shows someone living a boring life and not enjoying the sun even though this is what the song is about. Instead I think I will make a video of the opposite. I will try and make a video that shows someone young out enjoying the sun so it gives the idea that they are reminiscing to their youth. 

When filming my video I have decided that I will go to Stewarts park. As it is the start of summer, the parks will be full of people that will be out and enjoying the sun. Also, Stewarts park isn't too far from where I live and so should be easy for me to access. I am going to do some research into the park so I can get an idea of what is there and where I can film. 

Image from: http://www.visitmiddlesbrough.com/the-latest/story/1652/farmers'market-and-craft-fair-returns-to-stewart-park

Image from: http://www.kbiuk.co.uk/portfolio/stewart-park-middlesborough-city-council/

Image from: http://www.docbrown.info/docspics/cleveland/clevpage15.htm

These images all show different areas of the park. I think I will film in each of these areas specifically as I already have ideas of what I can make actors do in each of them. From doing research in to the park, I have found that it is owned by the council and is public ground. For this reason I do not need to get an individuals signature to allow me to film there. Also their is no main office at the park that I can request to sign a location release as the only building there is a cafe and a gift shop and the managers of these buildings will not have rights over the whole park.

I will find actors to accompany me and I can film them enjoying the park and the sun as well as the other people who will already be there. I will now begin my script for my production. I have two people in mind to help me film. I have two friends who both live around 10 minutes away from the park so it will be easy for them to access. I am going to contact them to see that they will be free to film. I will need to send them a script so they know what will be required of them

This screenshot shows my script. This is a basic idea that I will try and follow when it comes to filming. I have showed this to my actors and they are happy with it and agreed to take part in the production. I have included a shot which involves the actors playing football. I have added this because I know both of my actors are talented at football and so it will be entertaining to watch. We have all agreed to film on Tuesday 26th of May. This is a useful day for me because it is during the half term holidays so I will have all day to film. Also, because it is half term there will be plenty of young people at the park so it will look busy which I think will make my video look more effective and help get the point I am trying to make across. The song is about being young so it will help if there are a lot of young people around. 

I am going to carry out a risk assessment now so that I can identify any problems that may occur and can try my best to prevent them from happening and keep my team and the equipment safe. 

These pages are of my risk assessment. I have identified any risks I can think of. There are not many risks at all as the majority of the park is just open space so there is not much that someone can hurt themselves on and there isn't much around besides people that could damage equipment. When I meet up with my actors to film, I will have to make sure they sign a release contract so they understand what is being provided to them and what is expected of them. 

I believe I have completed everything I need to before I begin filming. I am going to book out some equipment that I will need to film. The equipment that will be available to me for filming that I will use is a black magic camera, a small tripod and the battery pack to go with the black magic. I will need to arrange a day that I can pick up the equipment as this is being filmed in the half term so I won't be able to go whenever I need it, I will need to find a day that the technicians are available to give me the equipment. I have emailed the technicians to ask when they are available.

It is the day I am supposed to be filming however I have only just received an email back from the technician which meant I could not give my actors the go ahead on filming and one of them has cancelled on me. Also the weather is not as good as expected and the weather is important to the production. For these reasons I have decided to cancel my plans of shooting. Due to other my other attachments (mainly work) I cannot film for the rest of the week and I have decided that I will make a found footage music video instead so I will have something to hand in on time. My found footage video will have a similar theme to my originally planned music video. I will find multiple clips of summer and summer activities and cut them all down to fit the music. This will fit to the music as it is still representing young people in warm weather which is what the song is about and what I am going to film.

I have recently received extra time on this assignment which means I can go and film my original idea. My new film date is Saturday 6th of June. I have already got in touch with my actors and they can both film on this new date. I have also booked the equipment to pick up on the Friday and can return it on the Monday.

It is Saturday 6th of June and I have just shot my music video. Once again I encountered multiple problems however I managed to overcome them. This was necessary as I did not have enough time to cancel another shoot. My first problem was the weather. It was sunny outside which is what I needed however there was a lot of wind. This was a problem as if I got a shot and it was clear there was wind then it would take away the idea that it is summer. I overcame this problem by trying to shoot when there wasn't much wind however you cannot predict when the wind will blow so with some shots I just had to leave it and try and avoid filming anything which would be affected by the wind. 

My second problem which had an even bigger effect on my project was one of my actors didn't show up. This was because he had other commitments to attend to and could not get to the park until 4 o'clock at the earliest which was too late for me as the park would be almost empty at this time and other people would make the video look more effective. To get around this problem I decided to make the music video first person. I still had my other actor show up so I filmed it from the other persons perspective. This does not look as good as it could have as some of the footage is now shaky. Also, I could not get some of my planned shots in and instead had to improvise and as I had to think up on the spot these new shots don't look as good. Besides these problems I am pleased with the footage I have and will have to make do with what I have because I don't have enough time to film again. I am going to go straight into the editing process. 

I have ingested my clips through Adobe Prelude and put them on to Adobe Premiere Pro. This is the program I will be using to edit my footage and make my final music video. 

This shows that I have Imported all my clips on to Premiere Pro. My next step is to cut them down and add them on to a timeline. I will be cutting my clips so that they cut to the beat which will make it look more fluent when played with music.

This is a screenshot of my finished timeline. This shows that I have cut down multiple clips and put them on top of music. The smaller clips have been put on the row above so it is easier for me to select them. Now I have all my clips together in a timeline, I need to colour grade and correct them. This is a necessary as they are all shot on a black magic camera and so they all look grey and bland. I am going to make them brighter and more colorful. 

This screenshot shows all the different effects I have added to one of my shots. I have added pretty much the same effects to the other shots however I have altered them to fit each shot specifically. 

This screenshot shows one of my shots after I have colour corrected and graded it. It is a big difference. Colour correcting has allowed me to give the shots more of a summer time look by making them brighter. 

I have finished correcting and grading all my shots which means it is time to export it and upload it to YouTube. 

This is a screenshot that shows me exporting the video. I have altered some of the setting so that it comes out in the highest quality possible. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnOGILNjGRE

Here I have included a link to my video.The screenshot shows that I have uploaded my video to YouTube after exporting it. I will now submit it and complete the assignment. 

Producing factual and news programming

Introduction
Public radio stations are non-profit organisations. They are generally funded by the government. In the UK the biggest public radio stations are created by the BBC. The BBC are funded by the license fee that everyone who owns a television must pay. This cost funds all BBC TV, Radio and websites. Due to public radios being payed for, they do not have any advertisement breaks and just flow through their programs. The BBC host a wide range of different stations. They have tried to aim and create a different station for different generations and interests. They have done this by playing different eras of music on each station and sharing different news and stories. An example of how they have done this is on BBC radio 1 they have a target audience of 15-29 year olds so they play and promote new music and artists and only share news that a younger audience would be interested in. This is different to BBC radio 2 as they have a target audience of anyone over 35 so they play music from any generation such as the 80's and they also share all the headlining news stories that an older audience would be interested in. The BBC also own radio stations that are specifically for certain areas of Britain. These stations share more news that is specific to that area that other places wouldn't be interested in. My local BBC station is BBC Tees. This station shares stories that will effect people in the Teeside area and generally miss out stories from other areas,

Private radio stations are also known as commercial radio stations. These are stations that are owned by private corporations. They are used to make money. They are not paid for by a license fee or the general public at all so they have to make money elsewhere. The main way of doing this is by advertising. Other companies can pay the station so they can broadcast a radio advert that will promote their company. Adverts tend to vary depending on which station they are advertising on. Companies tend to look for a radio station that has the same target audience as them so they have a higher chance of persuading more customers to buy from them. Other ways Private stations make money is by hosting competitions and events that people have to pay for to participate in. These events will change depending on the type of radio station. An example of a private station is Capital FM. Capital is a large station that is listened to throughout Britain. As it is so big they can afford to host events like the Capital Summertime Ball. It is expensive to host something as big as this however they will make a lot of money from selling tickets and merchandise and it will earn them a lot of recognition.

Community radio is the final form of radio broadcasting. A community radio station covers a small area that is usually no bigger than 5km in radius. Like public stations they are also no profitable, if someone were to run one it would be seen as more of a hobby then a proffesion. This means they have to put any money they make back into the radio station and can not use it to make money for themselves. Community radio stations are generally made for very specific topics. There are a lot of community stations that are aimed at religious groups. These are useful for anyone in this religious group as they can specifically intake news that will effect their religion and not have to listen to other news they might not be interested in. Other community stations can focus on specific interests that are aimed at a minority of people. This could be a certain type of music or a hobby that a lot of people might have. Anyone can host a community radio station as individuals do not need a license to do so. Companies must apply for a license and the request must be accepted by Ofcom.

Different types of speech programming
One type of speech programming is factual programming. A Factual programmes aim is to provide entertainment by broadcasting an interesting topic and sharing the facts of it with the listeners. For this reason, factual programmes most commonly come in the form of documentaries. Factual programmes often broadcast information that has been released on a topic and quite often include interviews. This is done because they aim to give the listener as much information as they can on the topic to keep them interested on it and make them tune in to their programmes more often. One of the factual programmes I have researched is on BBC Radio 2 and is called "Thirty years man and boy-a calmer chameleon". This programme was based on the life and career of the artist Boy George. This is set out in separate episodes. This is done on purpose because it is aiming to make people tune in each week or so to listen to this specific programme. They know that people who enjoyed the first episode will tune in again to find out what the rest of the story is. In this specific factual programme they tell the listener what had been discussed in the previous episode. They then have interviews with other people who know George and play some of his music.This is because people will be interested in what others have to say about him and playing his music might remind you of him or it might be what is being discussed. Finally they have a long interview with George himself where he discusses his career and life. This will be the same in each episode.

News programming is the other form of speech programme. The purpose of a news programme is to inform the listener of recent news topics. The news that is being discussed can vary from anything, it all depends on the audience of the station. News programmes that are presented on radio are pretty much the same as news programmes on TV. The only difference is radio cannot give visual representations or show videos. One of the news programmes I researched was on the station BBC World Service and was the show was "BBC News Summary". This was a typical news programme. It started with the presenter introducing them self and the programme. They then went on to tell the main story of the day. This is done because this will be most important and people will want to hear about it straight away. The rest of the days stories then follow this. The stories are often accompanied with interview and sound clips to give the listener more information as to what is happening. The final stories are often more lighthearted than the rest. This is because the programme wants to leave the listener feeling good rather than depressed by the sad stories told. This is also done because these lighthearted stories are not often to important and therefore can wait until the end to be played. Other news programmes can often finish on topics like sport as this is a lighthearted subject that a lot of people are interested in.

How target audience affects a speech package
The Target audience of a speech package will massively affect the final outcome. Not one station will be aimed at everyone so they will try and do their best to please their expected audience. Target audience can be based on age, gender and interests. When it comes to radio they generally do not look at gender. Some community radio stations might aim at either boys or girls however the bigger private and public stations aim at both genders. The age of a target audience can massively affect the outcome of a programme. An example of this is a younger target audience will make a radio station play more recent and popular music as this is what the majority of younger listeners will be in to. We know this as this is what the charts are made up of. Going back to the BBC, Radio One plays all the latest and popular music as it's audience is young and Radio Two plays music that can go back as far as the 60's because this is aimed at an older audience and they might have been in to popular music in the 60's. News and Factual programmes are also affected by the target audience. If the target audience is younger then the content of the programme will generally be more lighthearted as young people won't be interested in the dark and serious stories. Also the factual programmes played on radio will vary on the target audience. They will play documentaries that will have a topic that they believe their target audience will be interested in. Radio stations will do research in to their audience to find out what the majority of them like. They will then find a good topic that relates to their interests and try and make a documentary on it.

Differences in News packages
News packages can have multiple differences depending on the audience and nature of the radio station. Every news package will do it's job in delivering news stories however not all packages will share the same stories. One of the news packages I had researched was Radio One's "Newsbeat". This is a news package that is made for a younger audience so it is delivered differently to a news programme for an older audience. The news delivered on this programme was mainly focused on sporting events and the latest news regarding celebrities. This specific episode they discussed whether or not pitch invasions in football should be allowed and then interviewed James Corden on his new talk show in America, These topics have been chosen as they are new stories that people won't know much about and this is the kind of thing that young people are interested in. Most young people will not be too interested in the worlds troubles, which main news programmes discuss, as they will not think it concerns them. Also, these radio stations will want their programmes to be seen as something young people can enjoy so they do not want to depress anyone by talking about more serious issues in their news programme. Another key difference in this news package was the person who presented it would not present any other news package. This is because it is clear the station have aimed to find someone who young people can somehow feel comfortable listening to. To make it seem less serious the presenter uses informal language and talks like anyone would in a regular conversation. The presenter would also explain certain points made on the story as they will have been trying to not confuse the listener who could have been too young to understand. This all gives a friendly impression to the programme and will make sure the listener is still happy with the station and will hopefully not tune out.

The other news programme I have researched is BBC World Service's, "BBC News Summary". This specific station has been made for anyone around the world to listen to. It is mainly targeted at British people who are not in Britain and can't access the usual British radio. This station is mainly used for news as this is what people abroad will probably want to know most. Because there is only one BBC World Service they have to please the vast majority in this station and get all the important things down. For that reason the programme is mainly aimed at adults as a younger audience will probably not be interested in it. There is only one presenter in the programme and he speaks in a very formal tone. This is necessary as they might be broadcasting to an audience that are not British as it is a world wide service. If the presenter was being informal using slang and had a difficult accent to understand then some foreign people would not be able to pick up everything that was being said. The stories covered in this are all about the biggest headlines around the world. These are the important stories that most people should be aware of and so this is what is discussed. Due to the deep content behind the news, the presenter can not give a friendly impression as it may give the audience the idea that they are not taking the news seriously and it is not important. The presenter will give the clearest representation he can of a story so the listener can clearly take in what the stories are about. The programme expects the audience to be able to understand it as they will be adults and do not need things explaining to them.

Differences in Factual packages
Just like news packages, Factual packages also change depending on their audience. Factual programmes would never be produced without taking into account the audience it will be showed to. This is because they are created to entertain the listener and to keep them listening to the station. I researched two different factual radio programmes. The first was BBC Radio Two's "Thirty years man and boy-a calmer chameleon". As mentioned earlier, this documentary is about the singer George Alan O'Dowd or more commonly known as Boy George.  The audience for this would be middle aged adults who were listening to the charts when Boy George's band was in it. This will roughly be people in their early 40's. This topic would have been carefully chosen as the station will have wanted to find something that this age group would be interested in. If they had chosen a brand new artist to document then no one would listen to it as a lot of the regular listeners would not know who this artist is. Boy George was also an ideal person to make a radio documentary on because he has had his career making music now so there will be a lot to tell. He was also a big and famous artist in his time who had a very individual look and style which makes him even more interesting to listen to as he can explain why he had this look and the outcome and so on.

The other Factual radio programme I had researched was BBC Radio Four's "23 amazing reasons this radio programme will change your life". This is a programme that discusses how journalism is changing over the internet. There is no specific age group for radio four, it is labeled as a service for anyone looking for intelligent programmes. That being said, the larger majority of radio four listeners are adults. For this reason and the nature of the programme I believe this specific programme is aimed at young adults (20) on wards. They have tried to make this less serious as it is supposed to be a lighthearted programme so there is two presenters in this show who can converse over the topic which can be quite entertaining depending on your sense of humor. This is different to radio two's documentary as there was only one presenter who would interview other people. During the programme the secondary presenter would sometimes stop the other presenter and make him explain technical terms. This is most likely rehearsed as they are aiming to educate their older listeners with technology as this is something they might not be familiar with. They try and pull it off in a way that seems funny as some might be able to relate to how the other presenter keeps getting confused with technical terms and is having to interrupt constantly. For a younger listener who already understands the technical terms, like myself, you might not find this as funny and more irritating, like myself. This is why it is more aimed towards adults who will not be as bothered by their so called comedy.

Legal and Ethical considerations
Like all media productions, there must be legal and ethical considerations in place when making a news or factual radio programme. When producing the programme you must have the best intentions and try your best not to break any law or offend anyone. Their are many rules or guidelines that must be followed to avoid getting in any trouble. When doing my own research in to news and factual programmes I looked out for anything that could be in breach of any legal and ethical guidelines. In the Radio four factual programme I found that a lot of what they said was very opinionated. This is because they only really speak to people who are involved with the websites that they are talking about in the programme and not to anyone else who they might affect. Although it is not a major controversial issue, I think all radio programmes should aim to get two sides to a story. This way people can make opinions of their own as each point has been given a fair chance to be put across. Also, If it is not opinionated then someone who has a strong opinion already has no good reason to get offended so you would avoid complaints from people like them.

Another breach I saw was in the news programme by BBC world service. They were almost perfect for not breaking any rules as they gave accurate and unbiased information out however some of the language they used was quite graphic. This is a problem as they do not stop or warn younger viewers from listening and so they might put gory images in their heads that parents will not want. The programme has done this because they want to describe stories best they can so the listener can almost get a visual of what has happened. Some parents will not want their children to hear of such graphic events as it might give them violent thoughts or scare them. This is breaching the protecting minors guideline.

job opportunities part 2

In media there is no way that you can definitely get a job. There are many different routes that you could take, some better for different jobs. Many jobs in media look for certain things when hiring someone as they are trying to find the best person suited to the job, these are things like experience or degrees. Some ways to get a job in the media sector are:

Job Application
A job application is quite self explanatory. It is an application form in which you apply for a job from which you could probably guess. Job application forms are usually handed out by the company or employer. They are given out when a company is in need of new employees and then unemployed people can hand a completed one back so the employer can see if they are right for the job and then move them into a further process. If someone returns a good application form then they usually have to follow this up with an interview or a trial shift or both. After this the employer should know whether they are suitable for the job. In media, you might often find job applications come when freelance jobs are needed. These kind of applications would usually require you to show some of your previous work that relates to this job. By doing this the employer can see how skilled you are in this area and whether or not you would be suitable enough for the job.

CV and Covering Letter
A CV stands for Curriculum Vitae. They are used to show a persons experience and qualifications. They can also be used to tell a bit of personal detail about someone. A CV is used when applying for jobs as it shows the employer what the person has achieved. CV's are almost always required when applying for a job because the employer will compare them all and see who is most fit for the job. A CV will often contain:

• GCSE results,
• College qualifications
• Degrees,
• Previous work 
• References. 

All of these can influence an employer's decision to hire you. A covering letter is accompanied with a CV. They are used to tell the employer why you are handing them a CV. You might write on this which job you are applying for or you could just explain that you think you would be suitable for a job there. Covering letters can be important because otherwise an employer might not look at your CV because they don't know what you want from them. A covering letter can also be used to explain how you have heard there is need of staff.

Portfolio
A portfolio is a folder of work that you have previously created. These are used to show employers that you are capable to take on their job. Portfolios can be made up of work that you have done from previous jobs or work that you have done on your own in which you have been self employed. In media, a portfolio can come in the form of a film reel. This is a short production in which clips of everything you have done are shown. If you are trying to get a film job then it is vital that you have a good show reel because then the employer can judge you off how good your past work has been and can decide whether or not you're capable of carrying out this project. The better the film reel or portfolio, the better the job you can get. Portfolios are not usually judged on how much work you have done however it is good if you have done a lot because it shows experience. Portfolios are more judged on the quality of the work you have done. Sometimes people show some of the not so good work they have done and their best work in a portfolio because this shows they can learn and are improving. This can give the employer the impression that they will have improved since their last job and therefore will produce good work.

Professional Website
A Professional website is another way that you can earn a job. This can be done in two ways. One way is that you could go on to someone's website and apply for a job through there. A website might have links to application forms or simply give you information to a job interview that would be available. On a website you are probably most likely to find out what they are looking for and be able to check to see if the job is right for you. The other way that a professional website can help you get a job is if it is your own website. You could set up a website with information about you and all your previous work. The website can contain your CV and portfolio in one. Employers might stumble across this when looking to hire and contact you about a job vacancy. Otherwise you could send employers the link to your website so they can find out everything they need to know straight away online. In media there are many jobs that would make you a freelance worker so having your own website would be very useful as you would always be looking to work and so it would be even more sufficient if people were easily able to contact you about hiring.

Networking Online
Networking online is when you as a business or company try to meet other businesses or companies over the internet. This is useful as you can get more work through them. You can pick up jobs that others want to get rid of or find out where other companies are struggling and help them out. Being your own business does not necessarily mean working as part of a big organisation. Being self employed would make you own your own business. Networking online is useful as you can reach people who can actually help you progress with your career a lot easier than trying to go out and find them yourself. An example of this in media is if you have a degree and skills in radio then you could use online networking to find a radio station that could take you on.

Recommendation From Clients 
This is one of the best ways to get into work. A recommendation would usually mean you can skip the application process. After being recommended by a client, depending on the job you could either go straight in to an interview or go straight into the job. An interview after a recommendation is generally to find out if you are who you have been made out to be. By being recommended, someone will have mentioned, to whoever is in charge, the good work you can produce and let them know that you would be suitable for the job. This can put you above everyone else who would want the job as they may not have been recommended. This way of earning a job is not exactly the easiest and it should not be relied on because you generally need to know someone who is already involved with the business or media project. It would be very rare that someone you didn't know would recommend you as they will have had to have seen a lot of your work. For this reason the other procedures of finding a job should still be carried out and through these you could meet someone who would late recommend you for a job.

Work Experience/Voluntary Work
Work experience and voluntary work can help out massively when looking for a job. It is usually easy to get as well. When taking part in work experience you would not be earning any money which means that there are many companies that would be willing to take someone on to do it. Work experience allows you to get vital knowledge on a workplace in which you could see a career in. Employers look for this kind of experience as it means that they are risking less mess ups because the employee will already know what they are doing and what is around them. By doing work experience you can also improve your skills in that particular area so when the time comes that a job is available to you ,you will be more prepared to take it on, Work experience can also build on your portfolio meaning more people are likely to hire you as you will look more professional. Companies that take on people for work experience can often hire them later on when they need someone as they know that this person is familiar with the work they do and they know of the standard of work they produce.



When you have a job, there are a lot of standards and procedures that you would need to follow. If these are not followed then you are risking and are likely to lose the job you have. Some aspects of professional behavior that you should have are:

Reliability
It is important to be reliable in a job otherwise your employer won't be able to trust you to work for them. Being reliable can range from a lot of things. This can be getting all your work done on it's deadline. If you can do this then your employer can rely on you to get work done and you could be looking at a promotion if you continue to be reliable. This is because the employer will want someone that they can rely on to do more important work. If you are not reliable then you are looking at being fired because if you are not getting work done on time then there is no point in you doing that job at all. If you work in media as a health and safety officer and you are not getting your safety reports in on time then you would be holding up the whole media project. This would mean you are not reliable and you would probably be fired so everyone else can do their job to a schedule.

Attendance and Punctuality
This is a very important part of having a job. Attendance and punctuality mean that you are at work all the time and on time. If you never show up to work then you are being paid for nothing so you would be fired as anyone would rather hire someone who is actually willing to work. Bad punctuality is not as serious of an issue as bad attendance but it can still lead to getting you fired. If you are late then you are holding everyone up and all the work will be held back and will mess up a schedule. There are some exceptions to missing days or being late such as if you are ill however there are no exceptions if you don't work because you don't want to. In media you could be working on a big project and if you don't show up then everyone else might have to cancel that days work as what they want to do can't be done without your work. If you are late then you could push back everyone's work which would not go down well with others.

Commitment 
Being committed to your job is an important aspect, especially in big media related jobs. Being committed to your job means that you don't let other things get in the way of your work and your work always gets done appropriately. If you are not committed then you are not reliable and so an employer might hesitate to give you work. In the media sectors it is important that you are committed to your work because if you are not then there is the risk that the final product of your work will not be to a good standard, Because almost every sector in media produces final products that go to the public, every product should be to the best it can be. If you weren't committed then you probably won't put everything you can into the work you done.

Efficiency
Efficiency in work is basically saying that you should get a good amount of work done. If you have to hand in work then you would hand in lots of work if you had been working a lot. This would make you efficient. If you weren't efficient then you would be getting no work done or not the amount expected of you, A job in media where you would need to be efficient would be a story board artist. You might be expected to create a set amount of storyboards in a week and if you can't do that then you are not being efficient and you would probably not be hired in the future as you are taking to long to produce work. Also not being efficient could mean that you aren't producing work to a good standard that would match the supplies you have and the time you have. You should produce the best work you can to be efficient.

Self Presentation
Self presentation is how you portray yourself to others. You should always look appropriate to what you are doing at work. If you are going to be discussing business with clients then you will want to look smart and presentable. This is because many people judge others on their appearance and if you look scruffy then someone might think you don't know what you are doing and you're not prepared. This can put someone off doing business with you. Self Presentation is not always about how you look. This can be how you present your personality to others. It is important to know who you are presenting yourself to. For example if you were serving customers then you would need to be polite and kind towards the other person. In media it is important to portray yourself correctly as you might be trying to sell a production of yours on to a distributor. If this was the case then you would want the distributor to think that you are a smart client that knows what they are doing and knows how to make money for everyone. If you are not portraying yourself correctly then you would probably not make any clients and in turn not make any money.

Communication Skills
Communication skills are important in every job. If you have good communication skills then you will make your job a a lot easier. You need to be able to communicate with the people you work with and any other people you might come across when working. If you don't communicate with the people you work with then you are risking more mistakes and you will probably clash with each other as you are not all doing what each other expected. You also need to be able to communicate with clients to give yourself the best chance of making money. If you are working on a film set then you need to be able to communicate with other film crew so you all know what needs to be done and how it should be done. This way your production will be done quicker and the way you want it. Communication skills can be anything like listening to other people's ideas. This can be helpful because then you can get the best idea through and finish with the best possible product.

Contribution
Contribution is important because no employer will want to pay you to do nothing. Some jobs measure the amount of work you do and pay you off that so if you didn't contribute then you wouldn't get paid and it would be pointless having a job. If you don't contribute when working in the media sector then the final product that would come of the project you were working on would not be as good as it could be and you would have let everyone down. Another reason why contribution is important is because only by contributing can you improve your skills in that job and earn vital experience that it useful for other jobs. If you work on a radio station as a presenter and you don't contribute then you would be leaving all the work to other presenters and no one would be interested in listening to you and you would make the station less entertaining.

Personal responsibility
An important aspect is to take responsibility for yourself. You can't rely on other people to watch out for you as then it is taking them away from their job and less work is getting done. Being responsible for yourself is making sure everything you do is appropriate to your job. Making sure you don't do anything wrong. It can also mean that you look after yourself. You will be putting a hold on everyone's work if you are constantly getting hurt and need seeing to so if you look after yourself then there is no need to stop working. Personal responsibility can also mean that you take responsibility for your actions and that means your mistakes as well. It is important that you know where you went wrong and can admit to it so that there is no delay in working. Other people can't be blamed for your mistakes otherwise some unnecessary actions could take place towards to that person that they don't deserve and you would probably have to face worse consequences if you do not own up to your mistakes and get caught.